• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 1986

Effect of sodium deoxycholate and sodium dodecyl sulfate on Rhizopus oryzae were investigated. Morphological change was obtained by supplement of these surfactants into culture media during the sumerged culture. In accordance with morphological changes, composition of phospholipid was changed. In case of surfactant-free culture, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were measured more than 95% of total phospholipid. But cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol were conspicuously increased by treatment of both sufactants. Presence of phospolipase A, C, and D were detected from mycelium. Phospholipase A and D were activated by supplement of sodium deoxycholate and C was activated by sodium dodecyl sulfate. These results were interpreted in respect of polymorphism of phospholipid and membrane stability against solubilization effect of surfactants.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.531-534
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• 2010

Purpose: Lipobean$^{(R)}$s, widely used in lipodissolving techniques, contain phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate as its main substances. They have been approved only as medication for liver disease by the FDA. However, they have been used under various clinical settings without exact knowledge of its action mechanism. The authors designed an in vitro study to analyze the effects of different concentrations of phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate on adipocytes and other types of cells. Methods: Human adipose-derived stem cell were cultured and induced to differentiate into adipocytes. Fibroblasts extracted from human inferior turbinate tissue, and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast lines were cultured. Phosphatidylcholine solution dissolved with ethanol was applied to the culture medium at differing concentrations (1, 4, 7, 10 mg/mL). The sodium deoxycholate solution dissolved in DMSO applied to the medium at differing concentrations (0.07, 0.1. 0.4. 0.7 mg/mL). Cells were dispersed at a concentration of $5{\times}10^3$ cells/well in 24 well plates, and surviving cells were calculated 1 day after the application using a CCK-8 kit. Results: The number of surviving cells of adipocytes, fibroblasts and osteoblasts decreased as the concentration of sodium deoxycholate increased. However, all types of cells that had been processed in a phosphatidylcholine showed a cell survival rate of over 70% at all concentrations. Conclusion: This study shows that sodium deoxycholate is the more major factor in destroying adipocytes, and it is also toxic to the other cells. Therefore, we conclude that care must be taken when using Lipobean$^{(R)}$s as a method of reducing adipose tissue, for its toxicity may destroy other nontarget cells existing in the subcutaneous tissue layer.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.319-323
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• 2008

For transdermal delivery of ceramides, various liposomes formulations were studied and evaluated. Sodium deoxycholate (SDC), Tween 20 and Span 85 were used as edge activators. The skin permeation of ceramides was performed using a Franz cell apparatus with hairless mouse skin. Among edge activators, SDC showed the higher values of deformability index and skin permeation than did others. For optimization of formulations, we varied the ratios of lipids to edge activators and the compositions between phosphatidylcholine (PC) and ceramides. The optimal ratio of lipid to SDC was observed to be 6:1 (w:w) and that of PC and ceramide was 1:1. Our results suggest that the skin permeation of ceramides could be enhanced by optimized deformable formulations of liposomes containing SDC as a major edge activator.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2009

The oral delivery of heparin is the preferred therapy in the treatment of patients with a high risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. New conjugates of heparin and sodium deoxycholate were synthesized in order to enhance the heparin absorption in the GI tract. After oral administration of DOC-heparin, the concentration in anti-FXa assay was increased with increasing amount of coupled DOC. The maximum concentration of DOC-heparin VIII conjugate was $3.3{\pm}0.5\;IU/mL$ at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg, which was 3-fold higher than the baseline level. Finally, DOC coupled to heparin greatly enhanced the absorption of heparin in the GI tract, and this enhancing effect was not induced by changing the tissue structure of the GI wall.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.679-684
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• 2017

Hydrated liquid crystalline vesicles incorporating a edge activator, which confers flexibility to the vesicle membranes, were prepared and niacinamide was encapsulated in them. The formation of liquid crystalline phases and their thermal phase transitions were investigated by polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Droplet sizes of the vesicles were reduced to several tens of nanometers by incorporating edge activators, such as sodium deoxycholate, lysolecithin, or polysorbate 80. The amount of niacinamide permeated into a pig skin increased greatly using the hydrated liquid crystalline vesicles compared to the case where niacinamide was applied in an aqueous solution state. The vesicles incorporating 10% sodium deoxycholate increased the amount of niacinamide permeated nearly four times. These results suggest that edge activators are effective in improving the skin permeability of vesicles.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

Coprecipitates of ibuprofen (IPF)-sodium deoxycholate (DC-Na) were prepared at various mixing ratios of IPF to DC-Na. X-ray diffraction measurments indicated that IPF in 1:3 and 1:5 IPF-DC-Na coprecipitate did not exist in the crystal form, however in the 1:8 coprecipitate, IPF remained its crystalline form. The dissolution rate was tested in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer by the paddle method of dissolution test of KP V. The dissolution rates of IPF from 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:8 and 1:10(w/w) IPF-DC-Na coprecipitates and physical mixtures were compared with that of IPF alone. It was found that the dissolution rate of 1:5(w/w) coprecipitate was greater than that of pure IPF, coprecipitate and physical mixture at any other ratios of the two components. The concentration of IPF released from the IPF-DC-Na coprecipitates reached a plateau within 10 min, and thereafter gradually decreased indicating that IPF released from the coprecipitate was recrystallized due to the transient supersaturation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 1989

Coprecipitates of chlorpropamide (CPA)-sodium deoxycholate (DC-Na) were prepared at various ratios of CPA to the DC-Na. The X-ray diffraction and DSC measurements indicated that CPA in 1:1 and 1:3 w/w CPA-DC-Na coprecipitates did not exist in amorphous form, but the others were amorphous. The dissolution rate of CPA from the CPA-DC-Na coprecipitates increased in distilled water and KP V 2nd disintegration test fluid (pH 6.8), but decreased extremely in KP V 1st disintegration test fluid (pH 1.2). The dissolution rates of CPA-DC-Na coprecipitates were compared with those of CPA alone and CPA-DC-Na physical mixtures. Especially, it was found that the dissolution rate of CPA markedly increased in the case of 1:5 CPA-DC-Na coprecipitate. The concentration of CPA dissolved from CPA-DC-Na coprecipitate reached a plateau within 5-10 min, and thereafter gradually decreased, indicating that CPA released from the coprecipitate was recrystallized.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.103-110
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of ginseng saponins and commercial surfactants such as Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate on the gastric enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. Methods : Saponins (a surface-active plant component) from fresh ginseng root were extracted to examine its effect on the gastric enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. Commercial surfactants such as Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate were also employed in the hydrolysis system to compare their effects with that of the ginseng saponins. The effects of surfactants on the gastric enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis were measured by using a spectrophotometer. A spectropolarimeter was used to examine the conformational change of enzymes and substrates by the addition of ginseng saponins into the system. Results : Both the tryptic and the peptic digestion of milk casein or eggalbumin were slightly improved with an increase in the amount of ginseng saponins in the system. Triton X-100 showed an effect similar to that of ginseng saponins, while sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate diminished the hydrolysis. Circular dichroism spectra of enzymes and substrates was significantly changed by the addition of ginseng saponins into the system. Conclusions : These results show that ginseng saponins affect positively the gastric enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, and suggest that the digestion of substrates by gastric enzymes is affected by the change of enzyme conformation by ginseng saponins.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 1985

Enhancement of surfactant on release of secretory enzyme, such as $\alpha$-amylase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, was investigated during submerged culture of Rhizopus oryzae. Morphological changes of colony was occured; small pelletal form in 0.18mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate, pulpy form in 0.48mM of sodium deoxycholate, and filamentous form in absence of surfactant. It. Supplement of sodium dodecyl sulfate induced 9 times increasing activity of $\alpha$-amylase and that of acid phosphatase 25 times in cultural fluids. Alkaline phosphatase was increased 11 times in cultural fluid and also stimulated in cytoplasm with supplement of sodium deoxycholate.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.296-300
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• 1991

The membrane-bound Escherichia coli hydrogenases were purified partially by the solubilization with detergents. the E. coli crude extract was solubilized with sodium deoxycholate and dialyzed against the buffer containing Triton X-100. Two different hydrogenases were obtained by the DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and Sephedex G-200 column chromatography. The one was unstable during purification and contained 70- and 47-kDa polypeptides as major proteins. The other showed high H2-evolving activity and had major polypeptides of Mr 31 and 27. Those polypeptides were detected by the two-dimensional electrophoresis.