• 청정기술
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.113-117
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서는 섬유활성탄에 탄산나트륨을 첨착제로 이용하여 탄산나트륨 첨착섬유활성탄을 제조하고 동일조건에서 제조한 탄산나트륨 첨착입상활성탄과 황화수소 제거 성능을 비교한 후 그 활용가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 첨착용액의 농도와 첨착시간을 변수로 하여 탄산나트륨 첨착섬유활성탄과 탄산나트륨 첨착입상활성탄의 흡착능을 구하였는데 먼저 두 경우 모두 첨착용액의 농도에 비례하여 탄산나트륨의 첨착되는 양도 증가하나 3 wt%이상에서는 기공충전(pore filling) 현상으로 첨착양에 변화가 없었다. 따라서 황화수소 제거를 위한 탄산나트륨 첨착섬유활성탄과 탄산나트륨 첨착입상활성탄의 제조시 최적의 탄산나트륨 용액 농도는 3 wt%인 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 탄산나트륨 첨착섬유활성탄의 경우 탄산나트륨 첨착을 위한 담지시간이 탄산나트륨 첨착입상활성탄에 비하여 2배 가까이 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 황화수소 제거효율은 탄산나트륨 첨착섬유활성탄이 탄산나트륨 첨착입상활성탄에 비하여 30% 이상 증가하였고 이는 비표면적의 측정결과로 설명되었다. 결과적으로 향상된 비표면적을 가진 섬유활성탄에 황화수소와 화학적으로 반응하는 탄산나트륨을 첨착하여 제조상 시간적 이점과 향상된 황화수소 흡착능을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.26-42
• /
• 2018

Today incorporation of natural ingredients as inorganic phosphate replacers has come into prominence as a novel research topic due to health concerns about phosphates. In this study, we aimed to investigate the quality of emulsified chicken meatballs produced with Jerusalem artichoke powder (JAP), either alone or in combination with sodium carbonate (SC) as sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) replacers. The results showed that naturally dried JAP showed favorable technological properties in terms of water-oil binding and gelling. Emulsion batters formulated with JAP-SC mixture showed lower jelly and fat separation, higher water-holding capacity and higher emulsion stability than control samples with STPP. In final product, incorporation of JAP-SC mixture increased moisture and reduced lipid and energy values, and kept the pH value similar to control. Added JAP lead to increments in $b^*$ values whereas decreases $L^*$ values. Cook yield was similar to control in phosphate-free samples formulated with JAP-SC mix. Either low or medium ratios of JAP in combination with SC managed to protect most of the sensory parameters, while sensory scores tend to decrease in samples containing high levels of JAP. Addition of JAP to formulations presented samples that have equivalent behavior to phosphates in terms of lipid oxidation. In conclusion, our study confirms that utilization of JAP in combination with SC had promising effects as phosphate replacers by presenting natural solutions and providing equivalent quality to standard phosphate containing products.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.209-213
• /
• 2008

바이오매스 폐기물로부터 수소를 생산하기 위하여 1 m 높이와 10.2 cm의 외경을 갖는 고정층 가스화 반응기를 이용하였다. 촉매를 첨가하지 않은 나왕톱밥과 촉매를 혼합한 나왕톱밥이 시료로 사용되었다. 고정층 가스화 실험 변수로써 온도와 촉매가 공정운전에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 반응온도가 $400^{\circ}C$에서 $700^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 온도변화에 따른 생성기체 조성의 변화는 온도증가에 따라 수소 생성량이 증가하였으며, 수소, 일산화탄소와 메탄의 생성분율은 탄산나트륨($Na_2CO_3$)과 탄산칼륨($K_2CO_3$) 촉매 사용에 의해서 증가하였다. 또한, 탄산나트륨 촉매는 탄산칼륨 촉매에 비하여 수소생산 효율에 보다 효과적인 것으로 판명되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2009

Ca계 및 Na계 탈황제를 대상으로 열중량 분석실험과 승온탈리 실험을 수행하여 탈황제의 열적안정성, 집진기 전단 온도인 $250^{\circ}C$에서 탈황 성능, 그리고 상온에서 흡수용량 등을 비교하여 아래와 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 소석회($Ca(OH)_2$)는 약 $390^{\circ}C$에서 열 분해되기 시작하여 480~$500^{\circ}C$에 이르면 완전하게 분해되었다. 열분해 결과 생성된 생석회(CaO)의 무게는 최초 소석회 무게의 76%로 감소하였다. 중탄산나트륨($NaHCO_3$)은 약 $95^{\circ}C$에서부터 분해되기 시작하여 $190^{\circ}C$ 이하의 온도에서 완전하게 분해되어 처음 도입된 중탄산나트륨 무게와 비교하여 약 63%로 감소하였다. $250^{\circ}C$에서 실시한 열중량 분석 결과, 무수탄산나트륨($Na_2CO_3$)의 경우에는 탈황제 무게의 35%에 해당하는 $SO_2$를 흡수할 수 있고, 생석회는 15.6%, 소석회는 6.5%까지 $SO_2$를 흡수할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. $250^{\circ}C$에서 초기반응 속도를 비교하면, Ca계 탈황제의 경우에는 초기 미반응 시간이 있는 반면에 Na계 탈황제인 무수탄산나트륨에서는 이러한 초기 미반응 시간이 없어, Ca계 반응제의 경우보다 Na계 탈황제의 경우에 $SO_2$와 더 빠른 반응이 진행되었다. 상온에서 실시한 승온탈리 실험 결과, Na계인 무수탄산나트륨보다는 Ca계인 소석회가 더 많은 $SO_2$를 흡수하였다. 따라서 저온에서는 Ca계인 소석회가 적절하고 고온에서는 무수탄산나트륨이 더 적절한 탈황제인 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2002

In this research influences of type and concentration of alkali activator and curing condition on the hydration, and properties of alkali activated blast furnace slag(AAS) concrete were investigated. Sodium carbonate and sulfate were used as alkali activators and their concentration were 4~10 weight percent with Na$_2$O equivalent to binder. The curing conditions were standard curing using 23$^{\circ}C$ water and activated curing chamber at $65^{\circ}C$. Results show that in case of sodium carbonate addition high early strengths were gained by activation of early hydration, but later strength gained was slight. On the other side sodium sulfate strengths were continuously increased with adding amount and ages. Steam curing activated early hydration so that early strengths were improved but later strengths were similar to standard curing. The strength reduction of AAS mortar with sodium sulfate was less than OPC mortar in 5% sulfuric acid solution so that AAS concrete can be useful for acid-resistance concrete.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권9호
• /
• pp.1314-1321
• /
• 2006

The objective of this work was to study the effect of mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8 on detoxification of cottonseed meal (CSM), and to investigate the effect of fermentation period, proportion of CSM in substrate, sodium carbonate, minerals and heat treatment on the reduction of free gossypol levels during mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of CSM. Experiment 1: Three groups of disinfected CSM substrate were incubated for 48 h after inoculation with either of the fungi C. tropicalis ZD-3, A. niger ZD-8 or mixed culture (C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8). One non-inoculated group was used as the control. Levels of initial and final free gossypol (FG), CP and in vitro CP digestibility were assayed. The results indicated that mixed culture fermentation was far more effective than single strain fermentation, which not only had higher detoxification rate, but also had higher CP content and in vitro digestibility. Experiment 2: CSM substrates were treated according to experimental variables including fermentation period, proportion of CSM in substrate, sodium carbonate, minerals and heat treatment, Then, the treated CSM substrates were inoculated with mixed culture (C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8) and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 36 h in a 95% relative humidity chamber. After fermentation ended, FG and CP content of fermented CSM substrate was assayed. The results showed that the appropriate fermentation period was 36 h, and the optimal proportion of CSM in substrate was 70%. Addition of sodium carbonate to CSM substrate was beneficial for fermentative detoxification. Heat treatment could facilitate fermentative detoxification, and supplementation with minerals was instrumental in reducing gossypol levels during mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of CSM.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.66-70
• /
• 2009

Paper cultural heritages usually experienced the chemical and the physical deterioration because of various factors including preservation environment and the property of their materials. General restoration technology for paper cultural heritages is the lining. The application of the lining paper and the lining technology has varied depending on researcher's experiences. Therefore, each lining material and technology must be evaluated to develop a standard guide for preservation and restoration of paper cultural heritages. To date, various analysis techniques using lining paper, in terms of their materials, have been applied to analyses of causes and condition of damages, but it is difficult to develop a standard restoration treatment method of paper cultural heritages because it varies by their material. The Hanf, is made frrr the mulberry, is generally used for the lining in Korea.edt is required that the cr, in terms properties and general properties of Hanf, is used for lining papers, are evaluated to develop a standard guide for their restoration.ed this study, the general properties of several lining papers(Hanf), especially dimensave bility, were evaluated as part of the standardization of lining papers. The result have varied depending on the pulping chemical and the manufacturers. the basis weight, thickness and tensale strength of lining papers is bigger the paper treated by natural ash than the paper treated by sodium carbonate.ed case of formation, folding endurance, and dimensave bility, the paper treated by sodium carbonate showed better properties than those of the paper treated by natural ash.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.57-71
• /
• 1985

The characteristics of compaction and unconfined compressive strength were investigated by mixing with lime to all soils adjusted by given percentages of two kinds of clays to sand to obtain the most effective distribution of grain size and the optimum lime content for soil stabilization. In addition, unconfined compressive strength and durability tested by adding of sodium metasilicate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium gydroxide and magnesium oxide to lime-soil mixture mixed with 8 percent lime to adjusted soil having the mixing percentage of 60 percent of cohesive black clay and 40 percent of sand by weight to get the effect and the optimum content of chemicals. The results obtained were as follows; 1.With the addition of more lime, the optimum moisture content was increased, and the maximum dry density was decreased, whereas the more the amount of clay and the less was the maximum drt density. 2. In the soil having more fine grain size the unconfined compressive strength was larger in the earlier stage of curing period, in accordance with the longer period, the mixing percentages of sand to clay showing the maximum unconfined compressive strength, on the basis of 28-day strength, were 60% : 40% (black clay) and 40% : 60% (brown clay) respectively. 3. The reason why the soil adjusted with black clay was remarkably bigger in the unconfined compressive strength than ones adjusted with brown clay for all specimen of lime-soil mixture was the difference in the kind of clay, the amount of chemical compositions the value of pH. Black clay was mainly composed of halloysite that reacted with lime satisfactorily, whereas the main composition of brown clay was kaolinite that was less effect in the enhance of unconfined compressive strength. Also the difference of unconfined compressive strength was because black clay was larger in the amount of composition of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide in the value of pH affecting directly on the unconfined compressive strength of lime-soil mixture than brown clay. 4. In the lime-soil mixture mixed with 8 percent of lime to soil that mixing percentage of sand to black clay was 60% : 40%, on the standard of 7-day strength, the effect of chemical was arranged in the order of magnesium oxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate. 5. The optimum amount of chemical being applicable to the maximum unconfined compressive strength of lime-chemical-soil mixture was 1 percent by weight for air dry soil in the case of adding sodium carbonated and 0.75 percent on sodium hydroxide, the unconfined compressive strength was increased continuously with increase of the amount of chemical up to 2 percent of chemical content is the lime-chemical-soil mixture added sodium metasilicate, sodium sulfate and magnesium oxide. 6. It was considered that the chemical played and accelerant role of early revelation of strength because the rate of increase of unconfined compressive strength of all of lime-chemical-soil mixtures was largest on the 7-day cured specimen. 7. The effect of test on freezing and thawing after adding suitable amount of chemical on the lime-soil mixture mixed with 8 percent of lime to soil that mixing percentage of sand to black clay was 60% : 40% was arranged in the order of magnesium oxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium metasilicate and sodium hydroxide.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 2005

Bacillus clausii I-52에서 생산되는 염기성 단백질 분해효소를 통계학적 방법을 이용하여 최적화하였다. 7개의 배지성분 중 Plakett-Burman 방법을 이용하여 단백질 분해효소 활성에 영향을 주는 3개의 성분을 선택했고, 또 영향을 주는 농도 범위를 Box-behken 방법에 의해 결정했다. 세 성분을 포함하는 염기성 단백질 분해효소의 생산 함수식을 구했고 이로부터 최적조건을 표면반응분석법을 이용해서 계산했다. 이에 근거한 이론적 최대 생산 활성 (Wheat flour: 0 g/l, Sodium citrate: 5 g/l, Sodium carbonate: 10 g/1)일 때 74000 U/mL의 결과를 얻었다. 실제 최적 배지를 이용한 실험에서는 92000 U/mL의 염기성 단백질 분해효소를 보였다. 최적화 이전 경우 생산량은 49000 U/mL로서 $90\%$의 증가율을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 1992

The unique cell wall micropores of pulp fiber can be utilized as loading site in variety of important practical application which could be the basis of new papermaking technologies. One of these includes the manufature of paper containing higher levels of in situ filler precipitated. Hardwood pulp fiber were first impregnated with the solution of sodium carbonate($Na_2CO_3$). The micropores in cell wall of pulp fibers were filled with the liquid salt solution. The second calcium nitrate($Ca(NO_3)_2$) solution formed an insoluble calcium carbonate($CaCO_3$) precipitate within the cell wall micropores by interacting with the first sodium carbonate solution. The effects of chemical concentration and dryness of pulp fibers on the retention of cell wall micropore loaded filler were investigated. The paper properties of cell wall micropore loaded pulp fibers were compared with those of conventionally loaded and lumen loaded pulp fibers. Also the presense of the fillers within the cell wall micropore was observed by SEM. Increasing the chemical concentration to generate the calcium carbonate increased the retention of filler in cell wall micropore loaded pulp fibers. The particle size distribution of precipitated calcium carbonate ranged from $0.1{\mu}m$ to $80{\mu}m$. But, the average particle size of cell wall micropore loaded calcium carbonate was $4{\mu}m$. The paper made from never dried pulp fibers, the cell wall micropores which were filled with calcium carbonate, had better mechanical and optical properties than those of conventionally loaded or lumen loaded pulp fibers.