• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.314-322
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• 2004

The production of a glucan was affected by the concentration of ions and buffer solutions, and nutrients in an oral cavity. In this study, the effects of ions and buffer solutions on the mRNA expression of gtfD gene in Streptococcus mutans, an important causative agent of dental caries, were investigated by Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH). At first, ions and buffer solutions had little effect on the multiplication of Streptococcus mutans. The green fluorescence according to the mRNA expression of gtfD gene was detected in the BHI broth containing 1% sucrose. The intensities of the green fluorescence were strong at 0.25mM of $CaCl_2$. Little fluorescence was detected by the addition of KCl, except far 10mM KCl at which fluorescence intensities were similar to those of the control. Fluorescence intensities were weak at each concentration of $MgCl_2$ when compared to the control. As for buffer solutions, fluorescence intensities were similar to those of the control at each concentration of buffer solutions, except that they were little detected at 100mM of potassium phosphate.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2020

Purpose: To compare between sodium acetate (SA) and sodium chloride (SC) in parenteral nutrition (PN) with associated metabolic acidosis and neonatal morbidities in preterm infants. Methods: Preterm infants below 33 weeks gestational age, and with a birth weight under 1,301 g were enrolled and further stratified into two groups: i) <1,000 g, or ii) ≥1,000 g in birth weight. The subjects were randomized to receive PN containing SA or SC within the first day of life. The results of routine blood investigations for the first 6 days of PN were collated, and the neonatal outcomes were recorded upon discharge or demise. Results: Fifty-two infants entered the study, with 26 in each group: 29 infants had extremely low birth weight (ELBW). There were no significant differences in birth weight, gestation, sex, exposure to chorioamnionitis and antenatal steroids, surfactant doses and duration of mechanical ventilation between groups. The SA group had significantly higher mean pH and base excess (BE) from days 4 to 6 than the SC (mean pH, 7.36 vs. 7.34; mean BE -1.6 vs. -3.5 [p<0.01]), with a two-fold increase in the mean BE among ELBW infants. Significantly fewer on SA required additional bicarbonate (n=4 vs. 13, p=0.01). The rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was approximately four-fold lower in SA than SC (n=3 vs. 11, p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in necrotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity, cholestatic jaundice, and mortality between groups. Conclusion: The use of SA in PN was associated with reduced metabolic acidosis and fewer BPD.

• ANNALS OF ANIMAL RESOURCE SCIENCES
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.183-190
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of cured cooked boneless chicken drumettes as a raw material for Chuncheon Dakgalbi and to observe its effect on pH, lipid oxidation, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content and total viable count (TVC) during refrigerated storage under vacuum. Boneless chicken drumettes were dry cured with a mixed curing agent (0.20% w/w) consisting of sodium chloride (93.1%), sodium nitrite (5.9%) and sodium bicarbonate (1.0%) for 24 h at $2{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Cured samples were cooked using an oven at $150^{\circ}C$ for 20 min and stored at $5.5{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ for 60 days under vacuum. Non-cured cooked sample was used as a control. Sensory evaluation was performed on day 2 of storage using 22 untrained panelists and samples were mixed with Dakgalbi sauce and reheated using a microwave for 2 min. There were no significant differences between control and treatment group on appearance, flavor, texture, juiciness and overall acceptability. Cured cooked boneless chicken drumettes had significantly (p<0.05) higher pH, lower lipid oxidation, VBN and TVC consistently during storage in comparison with control. These results suggest that dry curing could be applied to boneless chicken drumettes as raw material for Chuncheon Dakgalbi and could extend its shelf life during refrigerated storage under vacuum.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2006

In the clinical state of vitamin D deficiency, it is possible that associated phosphate depletion, parathyroid hormone excess, and hypocalcemia may all depress the proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, in addition to abnormal skeletal modeling or remodeling, Although nutritional rickets is considered a rare disease in developed countries nowadays, cases of vitamin D deficient rickets caused by various unhealthy lifestyles such as insufficient exposure to sunlight, breast feeding infants without giving vitamin D supplements, unbalanced vegetarian diets of breast feeding mothers, low-birth weight, and maternal deficiency of vitamin D or calcium are increasing. Here, we present the case of an 8 month old girl, who was completely breastfed without any weaning diet or infant vitamin supplements. She visited our emergency room with hypocalcemic seizure and subsequently was diagnosed with vitamin D deficient rickets accompanied by overt bone changes and proximal renal lobular acidosis. After intravenous(IV) and oral calcium replacement therapy(IV calcium gluconate injection 1 mEq/kg/day for 6 days, 2 mEq/kg/day for 4 days followed by oral calcium gluconate administration 4 g/day for 3 days) with vitamin D supplement(Alfacalcidol 0.5 mcg/day) during admission, serum calcium level was normalized with clinical improvement. Oral sodium bicarbonate(0.6 g/day) was administered from the $2^{nd}$ hospital day for 2 weeks, which normalized the serum bicarbonate(measured by $tCO_2$) level. Calcium and vitamin D replacement were continued for 2 weeks and 3 months each. After discontinuing medications, follow up laboratory findings showed good maintenance of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate and bicarbonate levels with complete improvement of bone X-ray findings.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.609-614
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• 2010

In this study, emulsion polymerizations for synthesizing acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive(PSA) were carried out using 2-ethylhexyl acrylate(2-EHA), n-butyl acrylate(n-BA), methyl metacrylate(MMA) as fundamental monomers and acrylic acid(AAc) as a functional monomer in the presence of anionic SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate). To obtain the optimized synthetic condition in the polymerization, we analyzed the polymerization variables such as the effect of surfactant concentration and hydrophilic lipophilic values(HLB). At the same time, the final adhesive properties were also analyzed by the function of the initiator concentration and buffer concentration. In the results, the most stable emulsion was obtained at the surfactant concentrations between 3 and 5 wt%. It was also determined the effect of HLB value of nonionic surfactant and the initiator concentrations on the gel content. Stable emulsion is obtained using the surfactant having HLB value of 12.3. The rate of emulsion polymerization was increased at the initiator concentration greater than 1 wt%, but the stability of the emulsion was decreased. Finally, the effect of the buffer concentrations on the pH and the conversion of the acrylic emulsion product were experimentally measured. At the sodium bicarbonate concentration above 0.4 wt%, the buffer infulence was apparent. The buffer effect was fully acceptable at the concentrations between 0.6 and 0.8 wt% regardless of the monomer composition.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 1993

For the effective untilization of mackerel as a food source, the most desirable processing conditions of mackerel based burger were investigated. The mackerel was beheaded, gutted, washed with tap water and deboned with the meat seperator. Then it was substituted with 15% pig meat and mixed with additives such as 18.3% emulsion curd, 3.0% soybean protein, 2.0% sodium chloride, 2.0% sugar, 0.1% monosodium glutamate, 0.2% polyphosphate, 0.4% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5% beef extract powder, 0.3% onion powder, 0.1% ginger powder and 0.1% garlic powder to a mixed meat. The seasoned mackerel based meat was molded to a thickness of 10 mm and a diameter of 80 mm, fried for 2 min. The examined mackerel based burger was superior to mackerel based burger by another processing conditions.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2024

Hi Air Korea and Hanwha ocean are currently developing an Onboard Carbon dioxide Capture System (OCCS) to absorb CO₂ emitted from ship's engine using a sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution, and converting the resulting salt into a solid form through a chemical reaction with calcium oxide (CaO). The system process involves the following steps; 1)The reaction of CO₂ gas absorption in water, 2)The reaction between carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and NaOH solution to produce carbonate or bicarbonate, and 3)The reaction between carbonate or bicarbonate and CaO to form calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). And ultimately, the solid material, CaCO₃, is separated and discharged using a separator. The OCCS has been installed on an ship and the test results have confirmed significant reduction effects of CO₂ in the ship's exhaust gas. A portion of the exhaust gas emitted from the engine was transferred to the OCCS using a blower. The flow rate of the transferred gas ranged from 800 to 1384 m³/hr, and the CO₂ concentration in the exhaust gas was 5.1 vol% for VLSFO, 3.7 vol% for LNG and a 12 wt% NaOH solution was used. The results showed a CO₂ capture efficiency of approximately 42.5 to 64.1 vol% and the CO₂ capture rate approximately 48.4 to 52.2kg/hr. Additionally, to assess the impact of the discharged CaCO₃on the marine ecosystem, we conducted "marine ecotoxicity test" and performed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis to evaluate the dispersion and dilution of the discharged effluent.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1992

A concentration of 0.01 mM bupivacaine was necessary to maintain approximately 50% depression of contractility of rat atria suspended in a modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose medium, pH 7.4 at $30^{\circ}C$. Sodium pyruvate, sodium acetate, and fructose partially restored the contractility of the bupivacaine-depressed atria. However, 20 mM glucose had no effect on the bupivacaine-depressed atria, although this concentration of glucose markedly increased the contractility of normal atria not to be exposed to bupivacaine. Contractility of normal atria was not significantly influenced by sodium pyruvate, sodium acetate, and fructose. The results suggested that at least part of the negative inotropic action of bupivacaine is the result of inhibition of glucose uptake or utilization in the glycolytic pathway, and further pinpoint the blockade as an early step in the glycolytic sequence prior to the phosphofructokinase step.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.235-241
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical value of bicarbonate gap (BG) in acute gastroenteritis by comparison of clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 135 patients who had acute gastroenteritis. We classified them into two groups: $BG{\leq}-5$ (group A), BG>-5 (group B). We made a comparative study for clinical manifestations, serum electrolyte, albumin, protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, anion gap (AG), delta anion gap (${\Delta}AG$) and delta bicarbonate (${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$) between the two groups. Results : The duration of hospitalization and diarrhea was significantly longer in group A than group B. In laboratory findings, serum sodium, serum total $CO_2$, total protein, $AG_{corrected}$ and ${\Delta}AG$ were lower in group A than group B. ${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$ and chloride were higher in group A than group B. Conclusion : BG may be a sensitive predictor enough to access the severity of acute gastroenteritis.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.1 s.15
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• pp.21-39
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• 1974

Certain metabolic aspects of halothane's cardiac depressant action on the contractility of the myocardium were elucidated from a sudy of the effect of pyruvate on halothane-depressed rat atria. Approximately 6 mg% halothane was required to maintain a 50% depression of the contractility of rat atria suspended in a modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose medium, pH 7.4, $30^{\circ}C$ for a 2 hr. period. Pyruvate was found to restore partially the contractility of halothane-depressed atria. The maximally effective concentration of pyruvate was 2.5 mM. There was minimal pyruvate effect on the force of contraction of control atria. The effect of pyruvate on halothane-depressed atria was shown to be due to the pyruvate and not the sodium ion of the sodium pyruvate. Pyruvate was found to produce no increase in the contractility of atria depressed by hypertonic medium, but caused a further depression. Selected aspects regarding the action of halothane on glucose metabolism in myocardial cells are discussed. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that at least a part of the negative inotropic action of halothane is due to an inhibition of glucose uptake or utilization in the glycolytic pathway.