• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.370-378
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• 2002

To assess the quality of commercial Sujongkwa, we compared physicochemical and sensory characteristics of commercial Sujongkwa with home-made one. Two different brands of Sujongkwa and home-made one were analyzed for physicochemical (sugar content, pH, acidity, color, viscosity, transparency) and sensory characteristics (7-point scoring test, 15 experienced panel members). Separately, we assessed the opinion of food and nutrition specialists about the commercial Sujongkwa. Questionnaires were hand delivered to 530 subjects consisted of university students and faculties of Department of Food and Nutrition at 8 cities (Seoul, Incheon, Yongin, Daejon, Chungju, Daegu, Kwangju, Busan) in Korea and the complete data of 328 subjects were statistically analyzed using SPSS Propam for Window (mean, ANOVA, $\chi$$^2$). The questionnaires were consisted of sociodemographics, frequency and occasion of purchasing, opinion of quality and improvement points. Both commercial Sujongkwas were lower in sugar content, transparency, color(L and b value) and viscosity, and commercial brand B was higher in pH and color a value than home-made one. Also, among sensory characteristics, over-all preference and color for brand B were significantly higher than those for brand A and home-made one (p<0.05). Especially, the scores of over-all preference were 1.9 for brand A, 5.7 for brand B, and 4.9 for home-made Sujongkwa. Points to be improved for commercial Sujongkwa were in order of sweetness (33.0%), pungency (24.2%), dried persimmon (19.1%).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2006

Objectives : We wanted to evaluate the medical underutilization for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among Korean elderly men and we wanted to determine their associated factors. Methods : This study was conducted on 239 men with LUTS and 116 men with BPH who were compatible with the diagnostic criteria from a total of 641 participants. These participants were over 50 years old and they were randomly chosen in a community-based study for estimating the prevalence of BPH. Using a self-reported questionnaire, we surveyed the sociodemographics, health status, quality of life, lower urinary tract symptoms, medical utilization and reasons for not seeking treatment. Results : Only 27.6% of the men with LUTS and 31.0% of the men with BPH reported having visited a doctor for urinary symptoms. The reasons for not visiting a doctor were, in order of responses from the group with LUTS: 'considered the symptoms as a part of the normal ageing process', 'not enough time to visit a doctor', 'financial difficulty' and 'the symptoms were not severe or bothersome'. Regarding BPH, the responses were the same as those of the group with LUTS however, 'financial difficulty' placed second. Among the men with experience of visiting a doctor for urinary symptoms, 33.3% of those with LUTS and 28.1% of those with BPH were not treated. The most common reason in both groups was 'the symptoms were not severe to be treated'. On a multiple logistic regression analysis, the larger size household (odds ratio (OR) 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.40-6.54) and an unsatisfactory quality of life related with urinary symptoms (OR 2.98, 95% CI=1.23-7.21) were associated with medical utilization in the group of LUTS. For BPH, the current employment status was related with the medical utilization (OR 2.80, 95% CI=1.10-7.11), in addition to the larger size household (OR 3.24, 95% CI=1.14-9.21). Conclusions : Many men with urinary symptoms do not visit a doctor. This medical underutilization for people with LUTS and BPH may be associated with economic status in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.945-951
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• 2002

To propose quality improvement for commercial sikhe, we assessed the opinion of Food and Nutrition specialists about the status of utilization, preference and quality of commercial sikhe. Questionaires were hand-delivered to 530 subjects consisted of University students and faculties of Department of Food and Nutrition at 8 cities (Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi, Daejon and Chungnam, Cheongju and Chungbuk, Daegu and Gyeongbuk, Jeonbuk, Gwangju and Jeonnam, Husan and Gyeongnam) in Korea and the complete data of 328 subjects were statistically analyzed using SPSS Program for Window (mean, $\chi$$^2$, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient). Questionaires were consisted of sociodemographics, frequency and occasion of purchasing, opinion of quality and improvement points and sen-sory characteristics. Occasion of purchasing commercial sikhe is in order of ordinary day> for present> special day. Most subjects answered that commercial sikhe was different from home-made one. The reasons not to per-chase were the most in no preference and the next, in seeming to be different taste from home-made one. Points for further improvement in commercial sikhe were in order of taste> amount and floating of rice >flavor. The correlation coefficients between over-all preference and sensory characteristics showed positively in taste (0.54), texture of rice (0.476), content of malt (0.398).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.564-578
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• 1998

Most extended care facilities have admitted both the healthy and unhealthy elderly, among which members' average caring demand vary. The Aged Welfare Law, however, currently provides no reasonable basis on the staffing policy for extended care facilities. It just reflects the admitted number of the elderly rather than differences in members' average caring demand among facilities. This study is designed to estimate the need for caring staff on the basis of the correlation between the individual health status measured by various tools including Activities of Daily Living and caring demand by actual service time for each one. The sample included all of the admitted elderly(187 persons) in 4 extended care facilities, two in Seoul and the other two in Kangwon-Do over the survey period October 5 through October 20, 1996. The survey process consisted of 3 stages. (1) The current staffing information was collected through self-completed written questionnaires left for head of official in each facility. (2) Six graduate students at School of Public Health interviewed all residents to collect information on their health status and sociodemographics. The response rate for the interview was relatively high(85%). (3) Information on direct and indirect caring time consumed for each residents came from self-completed written questionnaires given to nurses and helpers in each target facilities. Analysis of the data was made using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression technique through SAS program. Based on this procedure, the following was found. 1. No facility meet the staffing standard in the Aged Welfare Law completely. 2. It is actual service time that is most correlated with ADL(Activities of daily living). 3. When all of the elderly are divided by four groups based on the level of ADL, the mean values of needed caring time in each group are 15, 21, 36 and 88 minutes respectively. 4. There is no significant difference among facilities in distribution of elderly person by group. 5. No facility meets the estimated number of nurses and helpers which reflects health status of the admitted elderly. Therefore, it is required that severity of the admitted elderly be considered in establishing staffing standard for extended care facility.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 2005

Objective : To estimate the magnitude of psychosocial distress and examine eligible factors associated with the development of psychosocial distress in Korean employees, using a nationwide sample. Methods : A total of 6,977 workers were recruited from 245 companies. A structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographics, health-related behaviors, job characteristics, social support at work, personality traits (locus of control, type A behavior pattern), self-esteem, and psychosocial distress. Results : The results showed that 23 % of workers were categorized as high stress, 73% as moderate, and 5% as normal. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that psychosocial distress was more common in younger workers, both male and female. Regular exercise was negatively associated with increase of psychosocial distress. In job characteristics, as expected, low decision latitude, high job insecurity, and low social support at work were related to high psychosocial distress. Personality traits such as locus of control and type A behavior pattern, and self-esteem were more powerful predictors of psychosocial distress than general characteristics, health-related behavior, and job characteristics. There were some gender differences. While men who are less educated and single (unmarried, divorced, and separated) experienced higher levels of psychosocial distress than those who are educated and married, women who feel high job demand experienced higher levels of psychosocial distress than those who feel low job demand. Conclusions : The proportion of the high stress group was higher than expected, and psychosocial factors like social support and personality characteristics (e. g. locus of control, type A behavior pattern and self-esteem) were more significant factors for psychosocial distress than other variables. This finding suggests that some psychosocial factors, especially inadequate social support, low self-esteem and lack of internal locus of control for the development of psychosocial distress, will also operate as an intervention strategy in the worksite stress reduction program. It is strongly required that worksite stress reduction programs should be established in at both occupational and level as well as in individual levels.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.431-438
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• 2010

This study was designed to identify the relationship between emotional labor and reaction factor(job satisfaction, fatigue), buffer factor(social support) among dental hygienist. The number of respondents was 50 who work in dental clinic and period of investigation was march 2010 through April 2010. A structured questionnaire was employed to evaluate the level of participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, emotional labor and self-perceived fatigue, job satisfaction, social support. While the mean values of emotional labor were higher than thosewho work in hospital and lower than those who work in service employees. These results suggest that emotional labor was related to an increase in fatigue and strong correlation between involuntary emotional expression, self-perceived fatigue, job satisfaction, social support in dental hygienist. Multiple regression analysis has found that social support and no. of personnel were main factors that influence to the level of emotional labor in dental hygienist. The results of this study suggest that emotional labor was a determinant predictor of self perceived fatigue. Thus, a management program for emotional labor is strongly recommended for promotion of quality of life in dental hygienist and to improve dental service and competitiveness.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-156
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between vasomotor symptoms and factors such as sociodemographics, health behaviors, medical condition, depression, stress, anxiety, attitude toward menopause, and quality of life. Methods : We conducted a cross-sectional study in peri- and post-menopausal women enrolled by the Korean Association of Health Promotion. Subjects submitted self-report questionnaires about vasomotor symptoms and other clinical symptoms. Associations between vasomotor symptoms and clinical variables were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression analyses. Results : 1951 women completed self-report questionnaires and 1022 women were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of vasomotor symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women was 63.9%. Variables showing significant differences between subjects with vasomotor symptoms and subjects without them were score of Beck Depression Inventory, Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-Korean Version, proportions of clinically significant depression(Beck Depression Inventory ${\geq}16$), Menopausal rating scale, attitude towards menopause, the 4 subscales of World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF(Physical health, psychological, social relationships, environment), and a History of Premenstrual syndrome/Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that Beck Depression Inventory, Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-Korean Version, Menopausal Rating Scale, and the Psychological subscale of World Health Organization Quality of Life -BREF show associations with vasomotor symptoms. Conclusions : Menopausal vasomotor symptoms are associated with various psychological factors, especially with depression. Midlife women suffering vasomotor symptoms should therefore be screened for depression. Future prospective studies where clinical subjects are diagnosed using structured interviews, focusing on the causal relationship between depression and vasomotor symptoms are necessary.