• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.193-200
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• 2013

Objective: To evaluate the psychosocial impact of malocclusion, determine its relationship with the severity of malocclusion, and assess the influence of gender and social class on this relationship in adolescents. Methods: A random sample of 627 Spanish adolescents aged 12 - 15 years underwent intraoral examinations by 3 calibrated examiners (intraexaminer and interexaminer kappa > 0.85) at their schools. Psychosocial impact was measured through a self-rated Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ). The severity of malocclusion was measured by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Gender and social class were also recorded. Results: The total PIDAQ score and those of its 4 subscales, social impact, psychological impact, aesthetic concern, and dental self-confidence, presented significant differences ($p{\leq}0.05$ by analysis of variance) and linear relationships with the IOTN grades ($p{\leq}0.05$ by linear regression). Stepwise linear regression models showed that the IOTN dental health component was a predictive variable of the total and subscale PIDAQ scores. Neither gender nor social class was an independent predictive variable of this relationship, except the linear model for psychological impact, where gender was a predictive variable. The occlusal conditions responsible for higher PIDAQ scores were increased overjet, impeded eruption, tooth displacement, and increased overbite. Conclusions: Malocclusion has a psychological impact in adolescents and this impact increases with the severity of malocclusion. Social class may not influence this association, but the psychological impact seems to be greater among girls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.43-56
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• 1984

The purpose of this present study is not only to investigate mutual relationship between general values and clothing behaviors, but to analyize the differences in clothing behaviors in view of socio-economic backgrounds, such as professions, social classes, educational levels, monthly income, etc. For the measurement of the general values, a total of 45 questions were made use of from both part I and part II of 'The study of General Values' jointly developed by Allport-Vernon-Lindzey, while for the measurement of the clothing behaviors were used questions selected from 'The clothing variables Inventory' developed by Creekmore and from those previously used in our country for the same purpose. Data were obtained from 460 Persons and the selected sample was composed of 238 Persons from the upper class and of 222 persons from the lower class. The former class is mainly represented by government officials, doctors, company directors, professors, while the latter by factory workers, clerks, drivers. Analysis of the data in this present study reached its conclusions as follows ; 1. Among the general values valiables, the selected group in this study ranked, theoretical values' first, 'political values' 'econmic values', 'social values', aesthetic values', 'religious values' in that order, and also among the clothing behaviors variables it ranked in the following order ; economy' 'modesty' 'aesthetic' 'conformity' 'status symbol'. 2. A significant relationship between general values and clothing behaviors was found as follows ; there are negative relationships between 'theoretical values' and 'aesthetic', 'status symbol', between 'aesthetic values' and 'conformity', between 'social values' and 'status symbol', between 'political values' and 'conformity', on the one; there are positive relationships between political values' and 'status symbol', between religious values' and 'aesthetic', on the other, 3. In view of profession, it was found that a group of company directors placed the most importance upon 'status symbol', a group of factory workers upon 'economy', a group of drivers upon 'conformity' among the clothing behaviors. In light of social classes, 'economy' was given a high priority by the lower class, and 'status symbol' by the upper class, respectively. Considering educational levels, it was found that the highly educated class placed more emphasis on 'status symbol' and the lower educated class showed their preference to 'economy'. In view of monthly pay, 'conformity' was given a top priority by the middle class, and 'status symbol' by the upper class. 4. As a result of investigating the influence that one's age and marriage effect on clothing behaviors, significant differences were found among the three clothing motivations of 'aesthetic', modesty', 'status symbol'.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.7-29
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• 2019

The study was carried out to investigate the influence of demographics and social media use on perceived academic stress of secondary school students in St. Thomas Aquinas College, Akure, Nigeria. This was achieved using five research questions and four null hypotheses. The population of the study consisted of 1,107 students at ISCED level 3, out of which 286 were selected based on the Israel (2003) model for determining sample size. The Ex-Post Facto (EPT) research design of the correlational type was employed to investigate the study while questionnaire was used for data elicitation. Out of the 286 copies distributed, 192 (67% response rate) were retrieved and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple regression). The findings revealed that there is high frequency of social media use among secondary school students, majorly for meeting new friends and chatting. The perceived academic stress (PAS) of the students was found to be moderate. Of the three demographics considered, only class had significant influence on PAS. Use of social media did not have significantly influence on PAS of the students. When combined, demographics and social media use predicted PAS; and when considered relatively, of the independent variables, only class as an aspect of demographics predicted PAS. Therefore, the authors concluded that PAS of secondary school students is not directly influenced by demographics (except for class) and social media use. Based on the study's conclusion, recommendations were made.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.171-190
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• 2011

Shakespeare's plays deploy an interesting array of food signs in a way to illuminate the historical process of what Stephen Mennell has described as "the civilizing of appetite"-a process in which the changes of food choices and eating habits took place in response to the changes in people's way of life and personality structure over the long-term modern period since the middle ages. Shakespeare's plays suggest that the civilizing of appetite in early modern England was heavily affected by the forces of social mobility as well as the nascent market economy. The Capulets' costly preparation of Juliet's wedding banquet is a showcase of conspicuous consumption which was a structural necessity for the ruling class in Shakespeare's time. Some fifteen years later, the same kinds of foodstuffs are included in a shepherd's shopping list for the sheepshearing festival in Winter's Tale. This is a significant coincidence to prove that food was an important source of emulation and contest among different social classes; and that the rich diet of the upper class gave impetus to social mobility. The Elizabethan subjects, especially among the elite noblemen, were interpellated by the ideology of food that equated the quality of food and the eater's social identity. Faced with bankruptcy as a consequence of his extravagant consumption habit, Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice testifies to the gripping ideology of food onto early modern people, while Poor Tom in King Lear presents a comic parody of the rich people's conspicuous waste. Also in Coriolanus and The Merry Wives of Winsor, Shakespeare uses food as a metaphor for class-motivated social struggles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1595-1607
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to find the reason why the National Mourning Dress System of the Joseon Dynasty had been established although the General Mourning Dress System had exist through research of three things; differences of each social class, changes of the National Mourning Dress System by the age and differences between the National one and the General one. The methodology which is adopted for this study is comparative analysis by social class, period and age from the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and the Orye-e. And this study is focus on the women's dress. The results of this study is as follows; Firstly, some mourning dress items had been different or not used by class. Secondly, although there had not been a great change, some dress items had been disappeared or used irregularly. And Naemyoungbu Naekwan's mourning dress had been changed by the age. Thirdly, The National one was more extensive in wearing and applied differently by class compare to the General one. Also it had an additional rule according to the period, duty and place to Naemyoungbu-Naekwan and Naemyoungbu-Goongkwan. The National one had been established by ruling class of The Joseon Dynasty who had tried to keep the Confucian standard and perfect social status system. And it is supposed that the National Mourning Dress System had not been a great change because the ruling class' will had not been changed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.766-775
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• 2019

This study investigated the appearance management aspects of middle-aged male CEO's based on Bourdieu's class theory. We conducted in-depth interviews with male CEOs in their 40s and 50s to understand the characteristics of appearance management in terms of economic, cultural and social capital. We found that they acquire educational capital based on their parents' economic capital and form their own cultural capital as adults. They had the characteristics of Petit Brujois, which aimed for a higher class. The characteristics of differentiation based on appearance management identified three results came from solidifying one's class position: clothing management, diversifying and upgrading appearance management, and pursuing their own ideal image. The influence of social network and cultural capital was also observed in appearance management. This study explored the characteristics of discriminatory appearance management through an in-depth study of middle-aged male CEOs as well as contributed to understanding the context of capital and appearance management by applying Bourdieu's class theory. In addition, this study provides basic data that can be referred to a design and marketing direction for the men's clothing market by providing information on male consumers with high purchasing power.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.941-948
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• 2021

This study investigated the differences between active and inactive TV watching groups, in terms of residential characteristics, of class-oriented drama viewing rate. We compared Flow and Social Comparison Theories to explain the relationship between class-oriented contents in the drama and viewing rate. We collected 110,000 TV viewers data of 4 class-oriented and the other 4 dramas, aired between Feb. 2016 and March 2019, through D-Live local cable service provider. Controlling gender ratio and income level which may affect viewing rate, we found that class-oriented content significantly and positively affects viewing rate in active watching group while the same content significantly and negatively affects viewing rate in inactive watching group. These results imply that Flow and Social Comparison Theories may apply in opposite directions in different watching groups.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.536-545
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences of career barriers of multicultural adolescents by family income class. The study also examined the differences of social contextual factors affecting career barriers. A total of 1,265 cases from the sixth wave of Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study was used for the analysis. The main findings are as follows: First, multicultural adolescents showed significant differences in carrier barriers by income class. Second, low-income class adolescents were significantly affected by lack of mother involvement and academic adjustment, and middle-income class were affected by family support, academic adjustment, peer relationships, and adults helping at school. Study findings were discussed in terms of implications for practical intervention on career barriers of multicultural adolescents.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.277-288
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• 1996

Food away from home consumption pattern difference among 20 different social strata has been observed in order to make judgement how much food away from home expenditure should be included in the 2 tiered poverty line. It was found that it was reasonable to include food away from home expenditure in the minimum living cost. And as social class rose expenditure amount and percentage of consumption compared to total food expenditure increased and income elasticity and margial propensity decreased. Percentage of consumption compared to total expenditure increased up to middle class however from 14/20 and up strata decreased as social strata rose. For 4 members city wage earner family suggested monthly poverty line is 16, 977 and suggested monthly relative poverty line is 60, 651.