• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.771-780
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• 2014

Tetragonia tetragonides is a medicinal plant native to ocean sand soil of southern provinces and has significant effects on the prevention and curing of gastroenteric disorders. Despite of its popularity, supply of the plant has never met the level of demand because of the absence of an adequate culturing method. The present study, thereby, was conducted for classifying the plants with geographically different characteristics, studying growth habits, developing a new culturing method and establishing a large scale propagation system of selected superior individual plants. The study was also aimed for revealing optimum conditions for seed treatment, fertilization, and efficient culturing system and thereby, for utilizing the plant as a new income source for rural communities. The seed was elongated with size of 2.6 mm (width) ${\times}$ 1.8 mm (length). No difference in seed size was observed depending on different inhabitate. Each flower produced about 4.5~4.8 seeds. Germination rate was high for seeds matured for 40 days after fertilization, but deceased to 50% for seeds matured only for 20 or 30 days. Seed dormancy lasted 6 months and seed storage at humid $5^{\circ}C$ facilitated germination. Mechanical obstruct of seed germination was due to seed coat and removal of seed coat enhanced the germination rate. Optimum temp. for seed storage was $5^{\circ}C$, and high germination rate was maintained for 350 days. However, for stratification condition or at room temperature, germination was significantly reduced as storage time increased Optimum treatment of plant growth regulators was soaking in $GA_3$ 250 mg/L for 1 hr. The priming treatment with 50 mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$ at $20^{\circ}C$ for two days improved the seed germination with 10% compared to non-treated control. The treatment of 20% NaOCl for 3 hr. improved the seed germination rate up to 10% and 1 day ahead.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the positive or negative effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA) on the growth of several crops and weeds, by applying a seed soaking treatment, foliar treatment, and application timing, while comparing biological activity between ALA produced by chemical synthesis (Synthetic-ALA) and extracellularly-accumulated ALA by overexpressing the hemeA gene isolated from Bradyrhizobium japonicum(Bio-ALA). Seed soaking treatment of ALA in barley (five cultivars) and wheat (five cultivars) had not shown positive effects at lower concentrations, 0.05 to 0.5 mM as well as negative effects at higher concentrations, 1 to 30 mM. In rice, there also was no positive effect by seed soaking treatment of ALA at lower concentrations, although the rice became damaged by an application of 5 and 10 mM ALA. Growth in barley cultivars, Ganghossalbori, Naehanssalbori, Songhakbori, Saessalbori, and Daehossalbori were increased up to 14%, 19-51 %, 17-64%, 18-23%, and 22-38% by ALA foliar application at lower concentrations, 0.05 to 0.5 mM, respectively. On the other hand, the growth in barley cultivars was inhibited by ALA foliar application at higher concentrations. Barley responded more positively to ALA foliar application than wheat and rice. The growth stimulation caused by ALA seed soaking treatment was less than by ALA foliar treatment. ALA treatment at the 1.5-leaf stage increased growth of barley by 19-58%, while pretreatment to seeds, post-emergence treatment at 3 days after seeding, 3-leaf stages, and 5-leaf stages had not shown positive effects. Thus, the positive effects of ALA on barley were dependent greatly upon the timing of application and its concentration. Monocots weeds were more sensitive to ALA foliar treatment than dicotyledonous weeds. A monocot weed, Setaria viridis L. was the most susceptible plant to ALA while a dicotyledonous weed, Plantago asiatica L. was the most tolerant. No significant difference in biological activity between bio-ALA and synthetic ALA on barley, wheat, rice, and weed, Ixeris dentate tested was observed. Thus, ALA produced by microorganisms would be a potent substance to be used effectively in agricultural production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.545-553
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• 1993

The metalaxyl seed-soaking treatment markedly increased the root-mat formation of the young rice seedling(8- to l0-day-old) for machine transplanting. This experiment was conducted to find out a possible rooting mechanism of the young rice seedling in relation to the exogenous metalaxyl seed-soaking treatment. The rice seeds of Hwaseongbyeo variety were soaked in the solution of metalaxyl for 24 hours at room temperature. Metalaxyl(25% wettable powder), a fungicide, was used at the concentration of 200ppm as a promoting substance on the root-mat formation of the young rice seedling. Seeding rate of the young rice seedling was 220g per seed tray(30${\times}$60${\times}$depth 3cm). Metalaxyl seed treatment was highly effective in root initiation and elongation of the young rice seedling in terms of root activity, the number and length of root, and amino acid content of roots. The exogenous metalaxyl application would also increase the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate in the young rice seedling. Those factors resulted in vigorous root-mat formation of the young rice seedling. In particular, alanine is a lead compound of metalaxyl which biochemically plays an important role in energy intermediate of the rice plant. Alanine conjugation with a glucose (N-${\beta}$-glucoside) is probably the mechanism in enhancement of initiation and elongation of rice roots of young rice seedling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2007

The study was conducted to find out the harvesting time, storage duration, cold treatment and sterilization on seed germination of Miscanthus sinensis. The optimum harvesting time of the Miscanthus seed in native to Jeju island was December. And the seed germination passible 3 years after harvesting. When the seeds had cold treatment, seed germination nate was 74% rather than 63% of non-treatment. For seed sterilization treatment, soaking in solution of Benomyl 7% during from 3 hours to 12 hours germinated 9% over. But the non-treatment on 24 hours treatment reduced the seed germination of Miscanthus sinensis.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 1986

Total 29 commercial crucifer seed lots were tested for seed transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by seed washing liquid plating assay. One imported cabbage seed lot was found to carry Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Several methods and chemicals for eradication of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in and on the cabbage seed were tested for effectiveness. Soaking cabbage seed in $3\3%$ hydrogen peroxide solution for 30 minutes effectively eradicated Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in a naturally infested seed lot. In a field survey, black rot turned out to be an important disease in cabbage in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.16-20
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• 1981

To cultivate Dystaenia takesimana as a fodder crop, Its problems and solutions are summarized follows : 1. There are a wax layer and wings on the out side of seed coat of D. takesimana seeds, which seems to inhibit imbibition and cause delayed germination. 2. The root and shoot growth of D. takesimana are very poor in the early stage and weed control is quite troublesome. 3 The growth of D. takesimana is very poor the soil of low fertility and much depressed in summer. 4 . The percent germination could be increased by removing wings, soaking, high temperature treatment or by chemical scarification. 5. Compost is most effective for the growth of D. takesimana and lime dressing is desired in the soil of low pH. 6 . The seedling growth could be improved selecting and breeding the strains with better germination and root growth, at the germination and growth characteristics of D. takesimana are variable.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2003

Present studies were carried out to produce tetraploid plants by colchicine treatment using seeds, seedlings and shoot tips of Platycodon grandiflorum in Campanulaceae. The most successful colchicine treatment for tetraploid production in P. grandiflorum was soaking treatment using 0.01 and 0.5% colchicine solution for 1 hour and 12 hours, respectively. Morphological characteristics of both diploid and tetraploid were similar, but tetraploid plants had more leaves. Compared to diploid, tetraploid had the larger stomata, but less number of stomata. Fresh weight of tetraploids was 20∼40% heavier than that of diploid.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.98-101
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• 1984

Endorcarp inhibited the embryo growth of ginseng seeds. This inhibition is not due to impermeability to water, but is probably caused by mechanical resistance. The embryo growth rate was enhanced by endocarp injury by soaking for 10 to 30 minutes in 2.5% solution of sodium hydroxide. But sulfuric acid did not affect on the embryo growth of ginseng seed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2013

This study was carried out in order to examine the germination characteristics of Ligularia fischeri seeds, and it was to develop the more efficient pre-treatment and production system of the seeds. It was performed by two ways - temperature control (10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) and shading treatment (Full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75% and 95% of full sunlight). Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by temperature (with low temperature and wetting treatment (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60days) and shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 2 days). Seeds of L. fischeri were, regardless of seed pre-treatment, germinated well at $10^{\circ}C$ and the more temperature went up, the more germination rate went down. As a result of surveying shading treatment, 75% shading with DRT was the highest germination rate (68.1%) and 95% shading with WS was the lowest germination rate (48.6%). It was showed over-growth under 95% shading treatment experiment and withered in the full sunlight. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, L. fischeri seeds pre-treated with LTW for 15 days germinated well at $10^{\circ}C$ and under 50~75% shading treatment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2016

Factors affecting germination of seeds in the forms of various environment and chemical compounds. The present study was aim to produced effective seed propagation method of Astilbe koreana (Kom.) Nakai which had expected high value for the cut flower, ornamental and pharmaceutical material. Seed width and length ranged 0.62, 2.22 ㎜, respectively, and weight of thousand seeds was 40.5 ㎎. As result of imbibition test, showed moisture content of fresh seed (2.57%) increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment under 24 hours, recording to maximum value of 29.8%, and expansion of the seed coat was observed. Seed germination was the best at 15℃ and light conditions (40.8%) among temperature and light conditions treated. Percent germination of seeds was improved under the low (15, 20℃) than high temperature (25, 30℃). In addition, the seed was not germinated at dark condition regardless of temperature. Seeds of A. koreana thus seemed that it had low temperature germinability conditions. To improve germination rate, seeds were submerged in various concentrations of growth regulators such as GA₃ and kinetin, and minerals as KNO₃ and KCl. As a results, KNO₃ treatment, regardless of concentrations, promoted germination compared to control. Especially, percent of germination (77.8%), germination energy (96.1%), mean germination time (11.3 days) and T₅₀ (6.5 days) were effectively improved by treatment of KNO₃ 20 mM.