• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 1990

Texture, losses of total solids and proteins o) soybeans were studied during cooking at $100-135^{\circ}C$. The textural changes were measured using the puncture probe with an Instron Universal Testing Machine, and changes in microstructure of beans were observed with scanning electron microscopy during the cooking. The major effect observed was a breakdown of the cell walls and appearance of the protein bodies with soaking process. As the cooking time at $100^{\circ}C$ is longer, the separation of cells and changes in cell shape could be seen in the sample. The greater amounts of soluble solids were leached out with longer coo king time from the beans.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.356-361
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• 2015

Fe-30 wt% TiC composite powders are fabricated by in situ reaction synthesis after planetary ball milling of (Fe, $TiH_2$, Carbon) powder mixture. Two sintering methods of a pressureless sintering and a spark-plasma sintering are tested to densify the Fe-30 wt% TiC composite powder compacts. Pressureless sintering is performed at 1100, 1200 and $1300^{\circ}C$ for 1-3 hours in a tube furnace under flowing argon gas atmosphere. Spark-plasma sintering is carried out under the following condition: sintering temperature of $1050^{\circ}C$, soaking time of 10 min, sintering pressure of 50 MPa, heating rate of $50^{\circ}C/min$, and in a vacuum of 0.1 Pa. The curves of shrinkage and its derivative (shrinkage rate) are obtained from the data stored automatically during sintering process. The densification behaviors are investigated from the observation of fracture surface and cross-section of the sintered compacts. The pressureless-sintered powder compacts are not densified even after sintering at $1300^{\circ}C$ for 3 h, which shows a relative denstiy of 66.9%. Spark-plasma sintering at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 10 min exhibits nearly full densification of 99.6% relative density under the sintering pressure of 50 MPa.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.22-31
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• 1984

Sardine ant mackerel so called dark muscled fish have been underutilized due to the disadvantages in bloody meat color, high content of fat, and postmortem instability of protein. Recent efforts were made to overcome these defects and develope new types of product such as texturized protein concentrates and dark muscle eliminated minced fish. Approach of this study is based on the rapicl dehydration of foamed fish-starch paste by dielectric heating. In process comminuted sardine meat was washed more than three times by soaking and decanting in chilled water and finally centrifuged. The meat was ground in a stone mortar added with adequate amounts of salt, foaming agent, and other ingredients for aid to elasticity and foam stability. The ground meat paste was extruded in finger shape and heated in a microwave oven to give foamed, expanded, and porous solid structure by dehydration. Dielectric constant ($\varepsilon$′) and dielectric loss ($\varepsilon$") vcalues of sardine meat paste were influenced by wavelength and moisture level. Those values at 100KHz and 15MHz were ranged 2.25∼9.86 ; 2.22∼4.18 for $\varepsilon$′ and 0.24∼19.24 ; 0.16∼1.25 for $\varepsilon$", respectively, at the moisture levels of 4.2∼13.8％. For a formula for fish-starch paste preparation, addition of 20∼30% starch (potato starch) to the weight of fish meat, 2∼4% salt, and 5∼10% soybean protein was adequate to yield 4∼5 folds of expansion in volume when heated. Addition of egg yolk was of benefit to micronize foam size and better crispness. In order to provide better foaming and dehydration, addition of 0.2∼0.5% sodium bicarbonate foaming agent, was proper to result in foam size of 0.5∼0.7mm and foam density of 200∼400/$\textrm{cm}^2$ which gave a good crispness.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.430-435
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• 2014

Physical and chemical barriers, caused by the close association of the main components of cellulosic biomass, hinder the hydrolysis of cellulose to fermentable sugars. Since the main goal of pretreatment is to increase the enzyme accessibility improving digestibility of cellulose, development of an effective pretreatment process has been considered to be important. In this study, SAA (Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia) was chosen as pretreatment because this is the simple and low-cost method. Rice straw of which the production is outstandingly high in domestic agriculture residues in Korea was chosen as raw material. SSA pretreatment with various reaction time of 3 h to 72 h was tested. The enzymatic hydrolysis and SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation) were performed at three different temperature (30, 40 and $50^{\circ}C$) to investigate performance of SSF upon various pretreatment conditions. As a result, this SAA treated-rice straw was found to have great potential for effective enzymatic hydrolysis and SSF with lower enzyme dosage at lower temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) than its conventional SSF. In SAA addition, SAA reduced fermentation time to 24 h owing to increase the initial hydrolysis rate substantially.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to develop a simple and rapid field method for the determination of chloride content in tobacco green or cured leaves. To set up a practical process, several factors such as the proper sampling position of each leaf, the size of leaf lamina pieces for blending, the substitution of deionized water fur the extracting solution, 0.1N $HNO_3$, the submerging durations before blending, and the standing times before measuring were studied using flue-cured and burley tobacco with a stable and reproducible Chloride Meter, KRK CL-2Z. From the results, chloride contents of tobacco leaves could be analyzed with the Chloride Meter(CL-2Z) using the suspension of 14 mm diameter leaf disks after soaking in distilled water for 30 min., blending with a mini-blender for 30 seconds. The chloride contents measured in this way showed highly significant correlations with ones by the conventional potentiometric method using an ion meter-chloride electrode and $AgNO_3$ titration. In our method, the procedures such as drying, powdering and weighing samples, and using chemical reagents for extraction (0.1N $HNO_3$) and titration(0.028N $AgNO_3$) could be eliminated. These results suggest that the newly constructed method using the Chloride Meter is more efficient to determine the chloride content of tobacco leave in comparison with the one by the Ion $Meter:AgNO_3$ titration.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1996

This study was carried out to gain the bagic information about agronomic characteristics and usage of Lactuca indica L. Cultivated at two different sowing dates at Green house of chungnam Rural Development administration from 1990 to 1995. Days to emergence of Lactuca at the delayed sowing of 30th May was promoted by four day than that of the early sowing of 15th Feburary. At the early sowing Ratio of emergency was appeared to be high than that of the delayed and Ratio of germination of Lactuca at $25^{\circ}C$ showed to be high as 89% especially, germination and growing and fresh weight were high at natural water soaking treatment than convential method. Length of leaf of Lactuca treated at Ga 50 and 100ppm was higher as 12 to 16cm than 36cm of check and fresh weight was also high as 21-56% than check in test of table guality fresh leaf of Lactuca was appered to be same favorite as perilla leaf, lettuce especially the usage of Lactuca grown about two to three weeks was appeared to be good.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.271-271
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• 2017

Tartary buckwheat is known for its high rutin (quercetin 3-rutinoside) content which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The buckwheat tea which is popular in Korea, is dependent on the quality of applied processing methods (steaming, dehuling, and roasting). This study focused on the evaluation of changes in rutin and anti-oxidant contents during the processing of tartary buckwheat tea. Raw tartary buckwheat seeds contains the highest quantities of rutin (2,212 mg/100 g D.W.). Soaking in water and steaming the whole seeds of tartary buckwheat significantly decreased its rutin and quercetin contents. Whereas the contents of rutin and quercetin in dehulled groats increased after steaming. The process of roasting with $70-80^{\circ}C$ for 2-3 min significantly decreased the contents of rutin (992 mg/100 g D.W.) and quercetin (12.8 mg/100 g D.W.). In the processing of tartary buckwheat tea, rutin content dropped about 45% in comparison with raw whole seeds.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2015

Two sintering methods of a pressureless sintering and a spark-plasma sintering are tested to densify the Fe-TiC composite powders which are fabricated by high-energy ball-milling. A powder mixture of Fe and TiC is prepared in a planetary ball mill at a rotation speed of 500 rpm for 1h. Pressureless sintering is performed at 1100, 1200 and $1300^{\circ}C$ for 1-3 hours in a tube furnace under flowing argon gas atmosphere. Spark-plasma sintering is carried out under the following condition: sintering temperature of $1050^{\circ}C$, soaking time of 10 min, sintering pressure of 50 MPa, heating rate of $50^{\circ}C$, and in a vacuum of 0.1 Pa. The curves of shrinkage and its derivative (shrinkage rate) are obtained from the data stored automatically during sintering process. The densification behaviors are investigated from the observation of fracture surface and cross-section of the sintered compacts. The pressureless-sintered powder compacts show incomplete densification with a relative denstiy of 86.1% after sintering at $1300^{\circ}C$ for 3h. Spark-plasma sintering at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 10 min exhibits nearly complete densification of 98.6% relative density under the sintering pressure of 50 MPa.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.462-468
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• 2009

Purpose: The liposuction has been generalized & undergone in the field of plastic surgery and it has had a great influence on fat graft. But despite of liposuction and fat injection being performed widely, we did not focus on complication associated with donor site. So we reported satisfactory result with the intraoperative sustained limited expansion & direct closure to donor site tissue necrosis after liposuction and analyzed the cause & measures of donor site necrosis with the literature investigation Methods: From November 2007 to June 2008, we treated four cases of tissue necrosis and infection surrounding the thigh and forearm. Necrosis after liposuction was 1 case, donor site necrosis after fat injection were 3 cases and MRSA was detected in 2 cases. first, we debrided the necrotic tissue and treated with potadine gauze soaking dressing & susceptible antibiotics. After confirmation of healthy granulation tissue, we used intraoperative sustained limited expansion and closed directly of defect & observed the results. Results: The patient was displeased and worried with the unexpected damage concerning the donor site and the procedure concerning time and financial exhaustion, but after confirming no contracture of the scar tissues and only a thin or slightly widened line of scar, showed satisfaction. Conclusion: Because it is fastidious to avoid donor site complication after liposuction & fat injection, enough explanation and understanding on possible complication to donor site are necessary and careful surgery procedure & materials are required. But if donor site necrosis were occurred although close consideration of possible causes of necrosis, we should think about not only wound healing process but also the sequela like scar contracture & cosmetic effect and treat the most adequate method to satisfying both concerns.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.607-615
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• 2016

The delamination along the annual ring on the cross-section of laminae and the bonding strength according to the tangential angle between laminae were evaluated for the production of 3-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic larch. Since there is no standard for CLT in Korea, the production and test of specimens for bonding strength followed the standard procedure of "Structural glued laminated timber" (KS F 3021). The standard specifies to exclude any measurement from the cracks of timbers resulted from drying or knots during delamination test of the glued laminated timbers. However, the failure of cross-sectional tissues along the annual rings was observed near the glue-line of all specimens during the delamination test. Because this phenomenon can generate defects in the CLT that may be exposed to various temperatures and relative humidities after the actual construction, the delamination percentage was measured by including this wood failure. As a result, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed inward was the lowest, which was around 13%, regardless of the annual ring direction of the middle lamina. On the other hand, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed outward was the highest, which was around 26%. Furthermore, end-split occurred in the outer lamina during the drying process of the boiling delamination test, which affected the delamination percentage. Therefore, the soaking delamination test was found to be more appropriate for evaluating the delamination strength of CLT. The block shear strength of larch CLT was $3.9{\pm}0.9$ MPa on average, which was 46% lower than the block shear strength requirement (7.1 MPa) of the standard, but satisfied the criteria of the block shear strength (3.5 MPa) of the European Standard (prEN 16351: 2013).