• 한국연초학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2007

In vitro toxicity tests such as cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity assay are useful for evaluating the relative toxicity of smoke or smoke condensates obtained from different cigarette configurations. A major disadvantage of these tests is relatively time-consuming, complicated and expensive. Recently, a cell-free glutathione consumption assay (GCA) as a rapid and simple screening method for the toxicity assessment of smoke has been reported by Cahours et al. (CORESTA, 2006). This study was carried out to assess the GCA application capable of predicting the toxicity of gas/vapor phase (GVP) of cigarette smoke and to identify individual compounds responsible for the glutathione (GSH) consumption in smoke. Each GVPs from 2R4F, standard cigarette, carbon filter cigarette (ExC) and new carbon filter cigarette (ExN), test cigarettes were collected by automatic smoking machine and evaluated the relative toxicity by GCA and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay. Toxic compounds existed in smoke were also chosen, relative toxicities of these compounds were screened by using two methods and compared individually. The overall order of toxicity by GCA was 2R4F > ExC > ExN, which was consistent with the result of Neutral Red Uptake assay. The levels of carbonyl compounds of ExN were lower than those of 2R4F and ExC, indicating that GSH consumption was associated with carbonyl compound yields. A major toxicant under current study is acrolein, which contributed to more than half of the GSH consumption. Collectively, the toxicity of GVP determined by GCA method may be mainly attributed to acrolein.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2014

As part of a balanced testing battery, subchronic inhalation studies on rats are performed to ensure that proposed cigarette modifications do not increase the toxicity of smoke and to demonstrate any instances where a modification may actually contribute to harm reduction. For subchronic inhalation studies with aerosols, the OECD suggests an exposure regimen of 6 hours/day (OECD Guideline 413, 1981), but alternative regimens have also been published: 1 hour/day and $2{\times}1$ hour/day. The aim of this study was to validate a rodent nose-only exposure system for the assessment of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke. In this study, cigarette smoke exposure system is consisted of cigarette smoke generator, smoke concentration adjusting system, and 20-port nose-only exposure system. Male SD rats were exposed for 35 days ($2{\times}1$ hour/day) to 3R4F Reference cigarette smoke and analysed major monitoring items of OECD Gudeline 413. WTPM, was measured in the test atmosphere, respiratory function (Buxco Biosystems) during exposure, postexposure urinary exposure biomarkers and alveolar neutrophiles in BAL fluid (Day 35) were evaluated. Validation demonstrated steady WTPM ($257{\pm}20ug/L$, $502{\pm}27ug/L$) and spatial uniformity (<10%). Nose port temperature ($22{\sim}26^{\circ}C$ and RH (45~75%) were acceptable over 35 days. Reductions in respiratory rate and minute volume and increase in the neutrophiles in BALF and the urinary exposure biomarkers were observed cigarette smoke dose dependently. This validation and 35-day inhalation study has shown that the rodent nose-only exposure system may be useful in the inhalation toxicity assessment of cigarette smoke.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2010

Tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke exposure are linked to a number of adverse health outcomes. There is a new concept of thirdhand smoke that is residual tobacco smoke contamination remained after the cigarette is extinguished. This paper reviews published studies examining the residual tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke can be attached to various surfaces and reemitted to air for long period of time. The dynamic process can allow thirdhand smoke exposure to tobacco smoke without direct exposure to secondhand smoke. One critical evidence of the thirdhand smoke exposure was significantly high urinary cotinine level of infant who did not have direct secondhand smoke exposure. Potential exposure to new and more potent chemicals generated from chemical reactions between residual tobacco smoke and ambient air pollutants can get more attention. Considering toxicity and exposure route, children are uniquely susceptible to thirdhand smoke exposure. The review provides strong background information for thirdhand smoke but warrant more researches on this issue.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2012

우리나라에서 건축물 내장재의 화재안전성능은 국토해양부 고시 제2011-39호에 의한 평가방법에 의해 불연성시험(KS F ISO 1182), 열방출률시험(KS F ISO 5660) 및 가스유해성시험(KSF 2271)을 실시하여 그 결과로서 분류하도록 되어 있다. 그 중 연기 및 연소독성가스에 대한 시험인 가스 유해성 시험은, 건축재료 및 내장재의 연소시 발생하는 가스의 유해성을 마우스의 평균 행동정지시간으로 측정하는 방법으로 사용하여 왔다. 이 중 연소 독성가스 4종(HCl, HF, HCN, $SO_2$) 흡입독성시험방법의 확립을 위하여 ICR계 mouse와 전신흡입노출장치를 이용하여, 독성가스 노출 및 병리검사를 수행하였다. 그 결과 호흡기관지와 가까운 폐포에서 대식세포(Macrophage)의 침윤을 유발하는 것으로 나타났고, 4종의 물질에 대한 조직의 병리검사로 전체적으로 충혈과 울혈은 확인되었다. 조직 중 폐와 신장에서 조직손상이 심하였고, 물질로는 HCN이 가장 많은 병리소견을 보였다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of triacetin(TA) treatment during manufacturing carbon dual filter for the adsorption of cigarette smoke components by activated carbons. The measurements were carried out by separation of activated carbon from carbon dual filter, and the specific surface area analyzed. The specific surface area of activated carbon from the domestic cigarette filter and from the foreign cigarette filter by degassing at 9$0^{\circ}C$ was 163$\pm$32$m^2$/g, and 16.6$\pm$1.9$m^2$/g, respectively. Those values were very lower than that of degassing at 35$0^{\circ}C$ (Domestic brand: 952$\pm$30$m^2$/g, and Foreign brand: 847$\pm$73$m^2$/g). By comparing the adsorption capacity of acetone and benzene with and without triacetin treated activated carbon, there was a 20% reduction of adsorption capacity by 5% triacetin treatment. Also, from the cilia toxicity test with carbon dual filter treated 0 % TA and 8 % TA, the cilia survival time was 706$\pm$74sec. and 603$\pm$64sec. for 0% TA and 8% TA, respectively. The delivery rate of vapour phase of cigarette smoke, which consists of main components of cilia toxicity, was higher at 8% TA filter than 0 % TA filter. Our results indicate that the treated TA covered the micro-pore of activated carbon, and then reduced specific surface area, finally, decreased the adsorption of vapour phase from cigarette smoke.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 자동차 내장재에 적용되고 있는 플라스틱 합성물질의 화재위험성을 알아보기 위하여 콘칼로리미터를 이용한 열방출특성, 연기밀도시험기를 이용한 연기발생특성 및 독성지수시험기를 이용한 유 독성을 측정하였다. 자동차 내장재를 구성하고 있는 주요 부위별로 3종류씩 총 12개의 시편을 준비하여 실험하였다. 콘칼로리미터 실험결과, PVC sheet 및 PVC leather가 약 2초의 가장 빠른 착화시간을 보였으며, 12개의 시편 중 8개의 시편이 10초 이내의 착화시간을 나타냈다. 최대열방출률은 232~635$kW/m^2$ 정도로서 나일론과 PE로 구성된 플로우매트가 $635kW/m^2$의 가장 큰 최대열방출률을 보였다. Rubber로 구성된 보조매트는 최대열방출률은 가장 낮았지만 총열방출은 가장 큰 값을 보였다. 연기밀도시험기 실험 결과, rubber로 구성된 보조매트는 약 924의 가장 큰 연기밀도값을 보였으며, 초기연기발생량을 확인할수 있는 VOF4값은 PVC leather로 구성된 시트가 가장 큰 값을 나타냈다. 독성지수시험기 실험결과, 대부분의 시편에서 이산화탄소의 치사농도를 초과하였고, PVC를 포함하고 있는 시편에서 염화수소 및 브롬화수소의 검출수치가 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 치사농도를 초과하였다. 13가지 특정가스의 치사농도와 발생농도를 이용한 독성지수는 PVC sheet가 상대적으로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 시편의 독성지수 1을 초과하는 결과를 보였다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1213-1217
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• 2007

In this paper some sets of numerical simulations for passenger evacuation in a fire occurred underground station under various smoke-control ventilation modes. Passenger evacuation flows are calculated by EXODUS program. As input data for EXODUS program, distributions of temparature, smoke and toxicity due to fire in the underground station are evaluated by Fire Dyanamic Simulator (FDS).

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2007

주거공간에 사용되는 벽지의 화재 위험성을 평가하기 위하여 몇 종류의 벽지 시료에 대한 연소특성과 연소가스의 독성을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 재의 잔량은 고온의 전기로를 이용하여 측정하였으며 TGA를 이용하여 열적 특성을 분석하였다. 연소시간과 연기농도의 측정은 콘히터와 가스분석계를 사용하였고 연기밀도는 ASTM E662의 장치를 이용하였다. 실험결과 실크벽지는 다른 벽지에 비해 낮은 온도에서 열분해가 시작되었는데 이는 실크벽지가 낮은 열유속(heat flux)에서도 착화될 수 있으므로 다른 벽지보다 화재 위험성이 높다. 실크벽지의 복사 열유속에 의한 착화시간은 다른 시료들에 비해 짧아서 화재 시 피난 시간이 짧아져야 하며 비닐이 코팅된 실크벽지 연소 시 일산화탄소의 발생 농도가 가장 높아서 독성의 위험이 높을 것으로 보인다. 실크벽지와 실크방염 벽지의 비닐 코팅으로 연기밀도가 높게 나타났다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2006

국내에서는 현재 샌드위치패널의 화재성능 평가를 위하여 KS F 2271(건축물의 내장재료 및 구조의 난연성 시험방법)을 사용하고 있다. 그 중 연기 및 연소독성가스에 대한 시험인 가스유해성 시험은, 건축 재료 및 내장재의 연소시 발생하는 가스의 유해성을 마우스의 평균 행동정지시간으로 측정하는 방법으로, 정량적인 방법이 아니므로 마우스의 상태나 시험조건에 따라 시험결과가 달라질 수 있다. ISO 5659-2 연소챔버 시험방법은 광학밀도를 정량적으로 측정할 수 있으며, FTIR을 이용한 유독가스 분석이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 ISO 5659-2 연소챔버 시험방법을 사용하여, 국내에서 일반적으로 사용되는 4종의 샌드위치패널 단열재의 광학밀도를 측정하여 각 시험체와 비교하였다. 또한, 시험체마다 3번의 시험 중 두 번째 시험시 FTIR 분석을 수행하여 HCl, $NO_2$ 등의 정량적 결과를 비교하였다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.34-38
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• 2002

In this paper, efficiency estimation of toxicity fee fire resistance cable experiments was measured smoke density of toxicity free fire resistance polyolefin insulation material and electric field dependence of tree shape in low density polyethylene (LDPE). One of the most serious causes of failure in high-voltage cables, can be an electrical discharge across an internal gab or void in the insulating material. Treeing due to partial discharge is one of the main causes of breakdown in the insulating materials and reduction of the insulation life. Therefore the necessity for establishing a method to diagnose the aging of insulation materials and to predict the breakdown of insulation and research of the fire resistance character has become important. First, we have studied on electric field dependence of tree shape in LDPE about treeing phenomena occurring on the high electrical field. Second, the measurement method is the attenuation quantity of irradiation by smoke accumulating with in a closed chamber due to non-flaming heat decomposition and flaming combustion. A main cause of fire-growth and generating toxic gas when, it bums, should be dealt with great care in life. safety design. The fire gases were occurred carbon monoxide and decomposition than in polyolefin due to incomplete combustion of PVC, which has high content of carbon in chemical compound.