• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2004

Objectives : Cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, is a useful marker of exposure to tobacco smoke and self-reporting of smoking status is thought not to be reliable. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between the smoking self-report among adolescents and the urinary cotinine test. Methods : The study subjects were 1226 middle and high school students in Hanam city, who were selected by stratified random sampling. The self-report about smoking behavior was compared with urine cotinine value measured with PBM $AccuSign^{\circledR}fi$ Nicotine(Princeton BioMeditech Corporation, USA). The percentage agreement, kappa and 95% confidence interval(CI) were calculated. Results : The overall percentage agreement was 88.6%, and those for boys, girls, middle school, general school and vocational school students were 87.3%, 90.1%, 93.7%, 85,5%, 90.7%, and 78.4%, respectively. The overall kappa index was 0.46(95% CI=0.39-0.54)for overall, .and those for boys, girls, middle school, general school and vocational school students were 0.56(95% CI=0.48-0.65), 0.20(95% CI=0.07-0.32), 0.21(95% CI=0.09-0.34), 0.55(95% CI=0.47-0.64), 0.42(95% CI=0.33-0.52), and 0.48(95% CI=0.36-0.60), respectively. Conclusion : The percentage agreement was relatively high but the kappa values very low for girls, and middle school students. Though the prevalence bias can be influenced by these results, the self-report was not a sufficient tool for the evaluation of adolescents' smoking status, especially in girls or middle school students.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze sexual experience rates according to socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors, and internet use time, and to identify sex experience related factors in high school students using the data from the 11th Korean Youth Health Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Methods: A total of 33,744 students (17,346 boys and 16,398 girls) in high schools were analyzed using the SPSS WIN version 22 program. SPSS complex samples methods were used for analyses. Socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors, and internet use time as independents variables were included. The complex samples logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds ratio of the sexual experience according to the socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors and internet use time. Unweighted frequencies and percentages were represented in result tables. Results: 3.6% of girls and 9.9% of boys in high school had sexual experiences. Daily average smoking amount and daily alcohol drinking amount were a dose-response relationship with sexual experience after considering confounding factors. Students who smoke 10-19 cigarettes had 5.74 times higher risk and 20 cigarettes or more had 7.27 times higher risk of sexual experiences, comparing with non-smoking students, relatively. Likewise, students who drink soju less than 1-2 bottles and more than 2 bottles had 3.82- and 4.35 times higher chance of sexual experiences, compared with non drinking students, respectively. Conclusions: We found that there were the dose-response relationship between health behavioral characteristics and sexual experiences. Further research is needed to identify an interaction effect between smoking and drinking alcohol on sexual experiences in high school students.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.249-260
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• 2013

Objectives: Previous observations propose that risk-taking behaviors such as cigarette smoking are prevailing among young people with chronic conditions including diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether cigarette smoking is more prevalent among diabetics than non-diabetics and whether it differs by age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes from young adulthood (YAH) to adulthood (AH). Methods: We used US panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health Study) during the years 2001 to 2002 (Wave III, YAH) and 2007 to 2008 (Wave IV, AH). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cigarette use behaviors according to age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes, after adjusting for demographic and selected behavioral factors. Results: Of 12 175 study participants, 2.6% reported having been diagnosed with diabetes up to AH. Early-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis <13 years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report frequent cigarette smoking (smoking on ${\geq}20$ days during the previous 30 days) in YAH (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.27 to 8.79). On the other hand, late-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis ${\geq}13$ years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report heavy cigarette smoking (smoking ${\geq}10$ cigarettes per day during the previous 30 days) in AH (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.30). Conclusions: The current study indicated that diabetics are more likely than non-diabetics to smoke cigarettes frequently and heavily in YAH and AH. Effective smoking prevention and cessation programs uniquely focused on diabetics need to be designed and implemented.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of a health-related lifestyle on knowledge, attitude, control belief and behavior intention toward breast-feeding of male and female university students in order to develop a breast-feeding education program for students of childbearing age. The subjects were 445 university students (125 male and 325 female) residing in eight provinces in Korea. The overall percentage of subjects intending to breast-feed their baby was 80.7% (73.6% of males and 84.2% of females). Overall, 84.2% of the subjects had high concerns about their health status. Scores reflecting a positive attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding were significantly higher (p<0.05~p<0.001) in female students, students majoring in medicine, and higher grades. The students who scored high at attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs also had a significantly higher (p<0.001) intention to breast-feed. When we investigated the sub factors of attitudes toward breast-feeding, significantly more students taking nutrient supplements scored high for physiological factors (p<0.05) and health-related factors (p<0.01). Significantly more non-smoking and non-drinking students scored high for health-related factors (p<0.001) and physiological factors (p<0.001), respectively. The intention to breast-feed was found to be significantly higher (p<0.01) in students who did not smoke, but not with other health-related lifestyles. In summary, these results indicate that the majority of university students intend to breast-feed, with students having a positive attitude, higher knowledge, and stronger control beliefs having a higher intention to breast-feed. Although a student's health-related lifestyle affects their attitudes on the physiological and health-related aspects of breast-feeding, only smoking status had an observable connection on the intention to breast-feed. Thus, when developing breast-feeding education programs for students, we recommend efforts to enhance a favorable attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.197-200
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• 2013

Background: A variety of sociodemographic factors, such as gender, age, household income, and educational level, influence individuals' likelihood of smoking.Work-related factors may also be linked to smoking behavior.We sought to investigate the relationship between smoking and work environment in South Korea. Methods: We analyzed data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to determine whether there was an association between smoking and occupation type (e.g., manual, nonmanual, or service work), night-shift work, and hours worked/week (e.g., <40, 40-48, 49-60, or >60 hours) for 4,685 workers. Regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables such as age, recent alcohol consumption, hours slept, educational level, and household income. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 50.1% in men and 7.2% in women. For women, manual workers had 2.34 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-5.36] greater odds of smoking compared with nonmanual workers, whereas service workers had 2.37 times greater odds (95% CI: 1.28-4.40). Furthermore, women who worked 49-60 hours had 2.21 times greater odds of smoking (95% CI: 1.10-3.75) as compared with women who worked 40-48 hours. Conclusion: Women who work long hours or who are employed in service or manual positions are more likely to smoke. These results indicate a need in South Korea to target these specific groups when creating nonsmoking policies.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 2005

Objectives: To analyze the relationships of socioeconomic status(SES) to health status and health behaviors in the elderly. Methods: Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaire of 4,587 persons, older than 65 years, living in a community. We measured the sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health status (subjective health status, acute disease, admission experience, dental state, chronic disease etc.), activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and mini-mental state examination-Korean (MMSEK). Binary and multinominal logistic regression analyses were employed to analyze factors affecting on the socioeconomic status of the elderly. Results: With regard to the SES and health status, those with a low SES had poorer subjective health states and lower satisfaction about their physical health. Also, acute disease experiences, admission rates and tooth deciduation rates were higher in those of low SES. In the view of physical and cognitive functions, the ADL, IADL and MMSE-K scores were also lower in those of low SES. However, with regard to health behaviors, lower smoking and alcohol drinking rates were found in the low SES group, and a similar trend was shown with regular physical exercise, eating breakfast, and regular physical health check-up. From these findings, we surmise that those with low SES have a poorer health condition and less money to spend on health, therefore, they can not smoke or drink alcohol, exercise and or have a physical health check-up. Conclusion: This study suggests that socioeconomic status plays an important role in health behaviors and status of the elderly. Low socioeconomic status bring about unhealthy behavior and poor health status in the elderly. Therefore, more specific target oriented(esp. low SES persons) health promotion activities for the elderly are very important to improve not only their health status, but their health inequity also.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2014

Recently, the safety assessments with using the various evacuation programs are performed for improving the performance of fire and evacuation safety in the building. Generally, the evacuation programs can simulate the human behavior in fire situation by applying the variation of the movement speed and Fractional Effective Dose (FED) index in the smoke. However, if the simulation is performed without optional setting around the fire, the agents do not avoid the fire and they move through the fire. Therefore in this study, we define the radiative repulsion force which exists between the fire and the agents. Moreover, we modify the Helbing's movement model by adding the radiative repulsion force. As a result of the modified movement model, all agents move around the fire and they do not enter the upper bound area of radiative heat flux, $2.4kW/m^2$. From these results, we verified the reliability of the modified movement model.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.311-322
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the physical and psychological-emotional status according to type of personality of female college student smokers and to provide baseline data for smoking cessation education programs for women. Method: The data were collected from May to June. 2002. The subjects were 119 female students who smoked. The data were analyzed using SPSS/PC. Results : The results are as follows 1. There were 91 (76.5%) A type and 28 (23.5%) B Type personality types, indicating that female student smokers were more frequently type A rather than type B. 2. Perceived health status by personality type indicated that those with type B ($27.71{\pm}4.67$) perceived higher health status than those with type A ($26.53{\pm}4.60$) but the result was not statistically significant (p = 237). 3. Perceived stress by personality type indicated that those with type B ($83.71{\pm}13.13$) perceived more stress than those with type A ($70.52{\pm}12.35$). 4. Differences between depression by personality type indicated that those with type B ($47.21{\pm}8.53$) perceived more stress than those with type A ($45.42{\pm}7.32$) but this was not statistically significant (p = .277). 5. There were significant negative correlations between perceived health status and stress (r=-0.300. p<0.004), depression and perceived health status (r=-.456. p<0.000). There was significant positive correlation between stress and depression (r= .700, p<0.000). 6. There was no significant difference between perceived health status, stress, or depression according to general characteristics. Conclusion: According to the results, researchers should continually identify women's smoking behavior included various physical and psychological variables related to women's health. In addition, programs for improving physical and psychological health should be designed and operated to decrease the perception of stress and to increase the perception of health motivation for women smokers.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

Objectives: This study identified how personal characteristics, family environment, governmental policy for the prevention and cessation of smoking might influence on adolescent smoking. Methods: This study used data from the 2006 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 71,404 middle school and high school students, giving a response rate of 90.9%. We selected 61,508 adolescents subjects of the final analysis without missing data on independent variables and dependent variables which are used in this study. This study used $\chi^2$ tests and logistic regression models. Variables were added to the regression model in three groups using a hierarchical approach.Results: Adolescents were significantly more likely to become current smokers if they were boys, were in a higher grade, and had lower academic achievement. Adolescents experiencing stress and depression were associated with increased risk of current smoking. Adolescents with single parents or students of non-living with parents comparing with students of living with parents showed the high possibility of smoking. Lower father's education was associated with increased likelihood of current smoking. Adolescents who were exposed to smoking at home were more likely to smoke. Adolescents without contacting with the antismoking media campaign was associated with increased likelihood of current smoking. Conclusion: Promoting antismoking media campaigns targeted at adolescent is required, and the smoking prevention education which are proper for subjects are required. Proper plans which could decrease the exposure of secondhand smoking should be established.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2020

This study was a descriptive research to identify the health behavior and mental health and the influence of parental attitudes according to smoking in out-of-school youths. The study subjects were 282 enrolled in youth support center located in Seoul and Chungnam areaa, x²-test, t-test, multiple logistic regression were used for analysis. The results of this study, sex, father's education level, drinking, sexual experience, and parental attitude had a significant effect on smoking in out-of-school youths. And, it is higher possibility to smoke a group with a high score in parental attitudes. Based of this study's findings, it is necessary to develop specific smoking prevention and smoking cessation program for out-of-school youths according to parental attitude.