• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2004

Today's popular ventilation systems include the combined jet fans and electrostatic precipitation systems or the combined jet fans and vertical shaft system. Tunnels with these two ventilation systems applied have been designed and opened, more and more interest has been put in maintenance of a tunnel after opening. Therefore. it is to become more important to come up with the optimal operation mode and the method for the evaluation of ventilation system. In this study, to evaluate a tunnel ventilation and its economy, a dynamic simulation program was developed which can simulate the unsteady-state tunnel air velocity and concentration of pollutants according to the traffic flow variations and operation condition of a ventilation system. We clarified the effectiveness usage on tunnel ventilation by using it and also we could found the most economical ventilation operation mode by application in real exit tunnel. We obtained that combination of fan system and electrostatic precipitation system was more economical than jet fan priority operation mode.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.307-319
• /
• 2010

As we learned in Daegu subway fire accident, fire in the railway tunnel is prone to develop to large disaster due to the limitation of smoke control and smoke exhaust. In railway tunnel, in order to ensure fire safety, fire prevention and fighting systems are installed by quantitative risk assessment results. Therefore, in this research, developed the program to establish quantitative risk assessment and suggested quantitative safety assessment method including fire scenarios in railway tunnel, fire and evacuation analysis model, fatality estimate model and societal risk criteria. Moreover, this method applys to plan preventing disaster for Honam high speed railway tunnel. As results, we presented the proper distance of escape route and societal risk criteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
• /
• v.26 no.6_3
• /
• pp.1251-1258
• /
• 2023

Traditional markets are infrastructure with facilities and characteristics of very high population density. Recently, arcades have been installed through traditional market modernization policies, and aging infrastructure has been repaired. However, gas and electrical facilities of traditional markets cannot be easily replaced because of its high density. And because regular inspections are not conducted, management of facilities is on very poor condition. In addition, when a fire occurs in a traditional market, the fire easily spreads to nearby stores and is likely to spread to a large fire because of a lot of highly flammable substances. Smoke detectors and heat detectors are installed in most traditional markets to monitor fires, but malfunctions are frequent due to the nature of smoke detectors and heat detectors, and network facilities are not properly maintained. Therefore, in this study, gas detection sensors and flame detectors are additionally installed in Gwangmyeong Traditional Market, and a digital twin-based traditional market fire monitoring system is implemented in conjunction with existing sensors in the market's 3D model. With this digital twin based fire monitoring system, we can reduce the malfunctions of fire detect sensors, and can easily guide the evacuation route.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.327-339
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this study is to present the effective smoke control flow rate and mode for securing safety through quantitative risk assessment according to the smoke control flow rate and mode (supply or exhaust) of the platform when a train fire occurs at the subway platform. To this end, a fire outbreak scenario was created using a side platform with a central staircase as a model and fire analysis was performed for each scenario to compare and analyze fire propagation characteristics and ASET, evacuation analysis was performed to predict the number of deaths. In addition, a fire accident rate (F)/number of deaths (N) diagram (F/N diagram) was prepared for each scenario to compare and evaluate the risk according to the smoke control flow rate and mode. In the ASET analysis of harmful factors, carbon monoxide, temperature, and visible distance determined by performance-oriented design methods and standards for firefighting facilities, the effect of visible distance is the largest, In the case where the delay in entering the platform of the fire train was not taken into account, the ASET was analyzed to be about 800 seconds when the air flow rate was 4 × 833 m³/min. The estimated number of deaths varies greatly depending on the location of the vehicle of fire train, In the case of a fire occurring in a vehicle adjacent to the stairs, it is shown that the increase is up to three times that of the vehicle in the lead. In addition, when the smoke control flow rate increases, the number of fatalities decreases, and the reduction rate of the air supply method rather than the exhaust method increases. When the supply flow rate is 4 × 833 m³/min, the expected number of deaths is reduced to 13% compared to the case where ventilation is not performed. As a result of the risk assessment, it is found that the current social risk assessment criteria are satisfied when smoke control is performed, and the number of deaths is the flow rate 4 × 833 m³/min when smoke control is performed at 29.9 people in 10,000 year, It was analyzed that it decreased to 4.36 people.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2021

When a fire occurs in a commercial building, the evacuation route is complicated and the direction of smoke and flame is similar to that of the egress route of occupants, resulting in many casualties. Performance-based evacuation design for buildings is essential to minimize human casualties. In order to apply the performance-based evacuation design to buildings, it requires a complex fire simulation for each building, demanding a large amount of time and manpower. In order to supplement this, it would be very useful to develop an Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) prediction model that can rationally derive the ASET without performing a fire simulation. In this study, the correlations between fire temperature with visibility and toxic gas concentration were investigated through a fire simulation on a commercial building, from which databases for the training of artificial neural networks (ANN) were created. Based on this, an ANN model that can predict the available safe egress time was developed. In order to examine whether the proposed ANN model can be applied to other commercial buildings, it was applied to another commercial building, and the proposed model was found to estimate the available safe egress time of the commercial building very accurately.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.14-19
• /
• 2016

When an interior fire occurs in an apartment building, pollution of the entrance area by fire smoke before an air fan operates makes the evacuation of people very difficult aswhen the fire doors are opened. Numerical simulations using Fire Dynamics Simulator were conducted to determine the impact of a sprinkler on the fire flow velocity. The fire flow velocity was compared depending on the presence of sprinklers and the sprayed droplet size. The configuration and actual dimensions of an apartment building were used in the numerical simulations. The simulation results showed that fire flow velocity becomes smaller when a sprinkler is installed. In addition, the smaller droplet size results in a smaller fire flow velocity because smaller droplets can be evaporated more easily.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.297-301
• /
• 2015

Day-care centers and kindergartens are increasing along with the damage caused by fire year after year. Infants and toddlers have a low response capability than adults to fire situations such as heavy smoke which causes less or zero visibility thus it is difficult in evacuation route during dangerous fire situations. Because of these circumstances, teachers need to build a safe pathway signage system along with the usual fire safety training needs of infants and children. In this paper, we propose a system for fire escape which marks the escape routes and are automatically implemented through the push function that smartphone recognizes during the real-time fire situation, and establish a system that verifies its authenticity.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
• /
• 2008.11b
• /
• pp.50-55
• /
• 2008

The comparative analysis of fire-driven flow simulation for Dae-Gu subway station was performed using FDS and Fluent. The boundary condition was obtained from analyzed data for Dae-Gu subway fire accident which had been outbreaked in 2003 year. The smoke flow in the second and third basement has been analyzed. The CO and temperature distribution in the train units and station platform have been obtained with FDS and FLUENT and compared with each other. Total simulation time is 600s and the results are compared of each 10sec The analyzed data will be applied to the passenger evacuation simulation for Dae-Gu subway station and used to optimal design method.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.265-285
• /
• 2018

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the design, research and education aspects of fire safety engineering (FSE) with a particular concern on high-rise buildings. FSE finds its root after Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, followed by Great London Fire in 1666. The development of modern FSE is continuously driven by industry revolution, insurance community and government regulations. Now FSE has become a unique engineering discipline and is moving towards performance-based design since 1990s. The performance-based fire safety design (PBFSD) involves identification of fire safety goals, design objectives, establishment of performance criteria, and selection of proper solutions for fire safety. The determination of fire scenarios and design fires have now become major contents for PBFSD. To experience a rapid and positive evolution in design and research consistent with other engineering disciplines, it is important for fire safety engineering as a profession to set up a special educational system to deliver the next-generation fire safety engineers. High-rise buildings have their unique fire safety issues such as rapid fire and smoke spread, extended evacuation time, longer fire duration, mixed occupancies, etc., bringing more difficulties in ensuring life safety and protection of property and environment. A list of recommendations is proposed to improve the fire safety of high-rise buildings. In addition, some source information for specific knowledge and information on FSE is provided in Appendix.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.69-73
• /
• 2011

Unlike land fires, Fires on board a ship are not likely to be extinguished by skilled human resources using a variety of fire fighting equipments, but have to be brought under control on board a ship itself despite of difficult task. There are more cases of deaths from suffocation by smoke than from an increased temperature by heat in fires on board ships, because crew fail to secure a sufficient visibility range enough to escape from the scene of a fire or to leave the ship as early as possible. On the assumption that the height of ship's accommodation area increases from 2.0m to 2.3m comparable to the height of apartments on the ground in Korea, behaviors of fire smokes between the cases of 2.0m and 2.3m heights were compared and analyzed. Based on the blue print of the existing Training Ship "Hanbada", a new blueprint with the 30 cm height adjustment was additionally created. FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator), which was created by the NIST in the United States and is the most widely distributed simulator for fires, was used to conduct a simulation and predict results. The results of simulation on the basis of temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ showed a safe evacuation period of time at the position 10m apart from the scene of a fire to increase by 55.8 seconds, when the height of ship's accommodation area increased from 2.0m to 2.3m. The results of simulation on the basis of visibility range of 6m showed the safe evacuation periods of time at the positions 10m, 20m and 30m apart from the scene of a fire to increase by 27.1 seconds, 109.2 seconds and 73.3 seconds, respectively, as the height of ship's accommodation area increased from 2.0m to 2.3m. This means that crew can escape more safely from a scene of fires on board when the height of ship's accommodation area is increased and equal to the height of living room in a building on land.