• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.64
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• pp.116-124
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• 2006

Multiplex movie cinemas are cultural spaces where an indefinite number of people from a variety of classes and ages can enjoy movies, food, and leisure all together in one place at the same time. Those facilities which a great number of people use together like multiplex movie theaters are relatively vulnerable to fire safety, compared with other facilities to protect from fire. Considering the special nature and vulnerability of multiplex movie theaters from a fire safety standpoint, this study aims to seek measures to acquire fire safety performance of the specific facilities by selecting exemplary models of local multiplex movie theaters, performing fire and evacuation simulations for them, and reviewing and analyzing their present problems in evacuation safety as well as the relevant regulations of many countries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.96-97
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• 2018

Facilities used by senior citizens, infants, and disabled people have characteristics that make it difficult to escape on their own or require a lot of evacuation time. Therefore, to ensure safety in case of fire, clear measures for securing safety of facilities, fire response methods, and training are required in accordance with the regulations. In case of postnatal care center facilities, newborn babies and mothers reside 24 hours a day, and as they are located in high-rise and multi-use facilities, measures for fire safety are necessary, but the domestic manual lacks. Accordingly, a field survey for security of the manual revealed that the establishment of awareness and facilities on temporary waiting areas and smoke control, which are easy for evacuation and fire safety, was a problem.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1246-1254
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• 2008

The land transportation is the most common way to transport passengers as well as freight among other mode of transportations and consequently more likely to be constructed for faster and convenient travel In this regard, the demand for tunnel constructions will be increasing and the safety inside the tunnel will be considered major concern more than ever. In this paper, we show probabilistic methodology to calculate the personal risk of each evacuee starting from a different location in a tunnel on fire. Passenger evacuation time and smoke spread time are both assumed to be continuous random variables having specific distributions. The evacuation of passengers at each location and the safety facilities inside the tunnel are also crucial factors to calculate the probability of death.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

Emergency lights and exit signs are an indispensable part of safety precautions for effective evacuation in case of emergency in public buildings. These emergency sign indicates safe escape routes and emergency doors, using an internationally recognizable sign. However visibility of those signs drops drastically in case of emergency situations like fire smoke, etc. and loss of visibility causes serious problems for safety evacuation. This paper propose a novel emergency light and exit sign built-in with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Beacon to assist the emergency self-guiding evacuation using devices for crisis and emergency management to avoid panic condition inside the buildings. In this approach, the emergency light and exit sign with the BLE beacons deployed in the indoor environments and the smart devices detect their indoor positions, direction to move, and next exit sign position from beacon messages and interact with map server in the Internet / Intranet over the available LTE and/or Wi-Fi network connectivity. The map server generate an optimal emergency exit path according to the nearest emergency exit based on a novel graph generation method for less route computation for each smart device. All emergency exit path data interfaces among three system components, the emergency exit signs, map server, and smart devices, have been defined for modular implementation of our emergency evacuation system. The proposed exit sign experimental system has been deployed and evaluated in real-time building environment thoroughly and gives a good evidence that the modular design of the proposed exit sign system and a novel approach to compute emergency exit path route based on the BLE beacon message, map server, and smart devices is competitive and viable.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.142-152
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• 2011

In general, existing emergency evacuation guiding systems depend on visual techniques like emergency lights or LEDs. Actually people in the case of fire emergency condition may not obtain a range of view because of smoke from the fire. This paper introduces a technique to design an emergency guiding system using directivity sound to cope with this problem. In this case all speakers are serially connected for audio signal transmission in a serial fashion to achieve convenient speaker installation. Floyd algorithm is used to find shortest evacuation paths. Because serially connected multi-channel speakers are weak in case of disconnection, this paper uses a technique to solve the diagnostic problem. In the proposed system, a PC based on the USB protocol is used for control and observation. The system has achievements, such as increasing evacuation rate under emergency conditions, and serial transmission of audio signal for easy maintenance and low installation cost.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2008

This study is intended to examine the effect of the evacuation guidance that used phosphorescent material for stairs in the event of smoke and failure of both the power to the lighting and illuminated sign. To achieve the purpose, the test stairs was established and 35 students(1st 20, 2nd 15) were examined the visibility, the convenience and the comfort of going up and down of stairs. The results of this study are as follows; The evacuation from stairs showed that the stair nosing and landing used phosphorescent material for was very effective in dark conditions(0 lux) because of the high visibility of stair nosing and the convenience and the comfort of going up and down of stairs. The phosphorescent material located on the stair nosing and stair landing will aid in evacuation from stairs in the event of failure of both the power to the lightings and illuminated sign.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2014

Recently, the safety assessments with using the various evacuation programs are performed for improving the performance of fire and evacuation safety in the building. Generally, the evacuation programs can simulate the human behavior in fire situation by applying the variation of the movement speed and Fractional Effective Dose (FED) index in the smoke. However, if the simulation is performed without optional setting around the fire, the agents do not avoid the fire and they move through the fire. Therefore in this study, we define the radiative repulsion force which exists between the fire and the agents. Moreover, we modify the Helbing's movement model by adding the radiative repulsion force. As a result of the modified movement model, all agents move around the fire and they do not enter the upper bound area of radiative heat flux, $2.4kW/m^2$. From these results, we verified the reliability of the modified movement model.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2002

This paper concerns smoke propagation in tunnel fires with various size of fire source. Experiments carried out in model tunnel and those results were compared with numerical results. The Froude scaling law was used to scale model tests for comparison with larger scale tests. In order to validate for numerical analysis, temperature distribution of predicted data was compared with measured data. Examining the temperature distribution, we found that smoke layer does not come down under 50% of tunnel heights for a short tunnel heights for a short tunnel firs without ventilation. Front velocity of smoke layer is proportional to the cube root of heat release rate. And it is in good agreement with existing empirical expression and numerical prediction. In a short tunnel fire, horizontal propagation of smoke layer is more important than vertical smoke movement for evacuation plan.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.58-65
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• 2010

The fire accidents having recently occurred are getting more and more larger and causing lots of damage in terms of property loss and casualties increase, so there is in need of technical fire safety development like comprehensive prevention solution in order to effectively prevent. Especially, the needing of new paradigm for advanced fire safe technology is gathering strength in high-rise modern building construction. Therefore, we want to find out on this paper what is a correlation between heat release rate measurement and smoke release volume by three parts of oxygen consumption calorimeter in bench scale calorimeter (cone calorimeter/ISO 5660/Avg.500Kw), Medium scale calorimeter (Room corner tester, Single burning Item/ISO 9750, EN 13823/Avg.3MW), and large scale calorimeter (Industry calorimeter/Avg. 10MW). Thus, Smoke detective of new paradigm devised by making use of a correlation between heat release and smoke production is to help reduce loss property and casualties. Ultimately, based on this theory, a new concept of fire alarm and evacuation system will be developed and expected to apply to a skyscraper.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

In the case of a medium length road tunnel, the installation of a smoke control facility is not mandatory so users can suffer considerable injuries if a fire breaks out. Therefore, this study analyzed the high-temperature air and toxic gas generated by fire proliferating with time when a smoke barrier is not installed and when the installation interval is 100, 150, 200, and 250 m through 3-dimensional numerical analysis, evacuation simulation, and Quantitative Risk Assessment Methodology targeting the medium length road tunnel. As a result, the diffusion of the high-temperature air and toxic gas occurring from the a fire was delayed when the smoke barrier was installed in a medium length road tunnel compared to that when it was not installed. In addition, when the installation interval of a smoke barrier was 100m and the numerical analysis target was 100m, the diffusion of high-temperature air and toxic gas generated by the fire was delayed more than in the other cases, which was most suitable for tunnel users to evacuate.