• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 2017

This case report illustrates the successful treatment of a patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion and an unesthetic smile involving excessive gingival display and large buccal corridors. By applying dual buccal interradicular miniscrews, total intrusion of the maxillary dentition along with distalization was induced to improve both the occlusion and smile esthetics. In addition to the conventional cephalometric superimposition, three-dimensional superimposition was performed and evaluated to validate the treatment outcome.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 2017

When restoring their anterior dentition, patients become more demanding on esthetics compared to posterior region during treatment planning phase. Digital Smile Design (DSD) procedure is performed in presentation software and digital photographs. This can widen diagnostic visualization and aid in transferring information between clinician, patient, and technician. This case presented is that of patient with dissatisfaction of his anterior old restoration. Retreatment procedures were carried out in two different manners: (1) using DSD protocol for diagnosis, smile simulation, communication and fabricating interim and definitive prosthesis by totally digitized workflow. (2) Using diagnostic wax-up for smile design and fabricating restorations by conventional workflow. Comparing two methods, DSD was easier to communicate between the dental team than the diagnostic wax-up method. But the final result obtained failed to meet total esthetic factors. Therefore, to obtain predictable esthetic results, more advanced design tool would be needed, including consideration of various esthetic factors besides successful communications.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.348-348
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• 2023

최근 전세계 곳곳에서는 다양한 유형의 물 관련 복합재해가 발생하고 있다. 일례로 미국 캘리포니아 지역은 2014년부터 2017년까지 극심한 가뭄에 시달리다가 대기강(atmospheric river)의 영향으로 인하여 대규모의 홍수가 잇달아 발생하였다. 유럽에서는 2021년 전례 없는 홍수 직후 500년 빈도의 가뭄이 발생하면서 심각한 인명 및 재산피해가 발생하였다. 짧은 시간 동안 양극단의수재해가 연속적으로 발생하거나, 가뭄과 폭염, 홍수와 산사태의 결합, 또는 동시에 여러 지역에서 홍수나 가뭄이 발생하는 현상 등도 복합재해에 해당한다. 즉, 복합재해는 서로 다른 특성의 독립적인 수재해가 결합되어 나타나는 재해의 한 형태로써, 발생 빈도는 적으나 유발되는 피해는 매우 크다. 더욱이 복합재해는 미래에 더욱 빈번하게, 극심하게 발생할 것으로 예상되고 있다. Single Model Initial-condition Large Ensemble (SMILE)은 복합재해의 분석에 적합한 자료로 최근 활용사례가 증가하고 있다. 기존의 기후변화 관련 연구는 여러 기후모델에서 생산한 단일 모의자료를 앙상블의 형태로 이용하여 기후요소 및 기후재해의 미래 전망이나 거동을 분석하는 과정에 기반해왔다. 이 기후모델 앙상블은 모델 간 불확실성은 고려할 수 있으나 기온 상승 시나리오의 불확실성 및 기후 시스템 내부의 변동성은 고려하지 못하는 한계가 있다. 이에 미국의 National Center for Atmospheric Research에서는 자연 자체의 변동에 의한 불확실성을 모의할 수 있는 SMILE을 개발하였다. SMILE은 단일 기후모델에서 N개의 다중 모의자료 앙상블을 출력한다. 기존의 기후모델과 유사한 과정으로 모의를 수행하되, 미세한 섭동을 부여함으로써 자연적으로 발생하는 기후시스템 내부의 변동성을 고려한다. 이러한 실험 설정은 카오스 이론에 근거한다. 여러 기후모델에 대해 SMILE 기반 모의를 수행하면 앙상블의 앙상블 개념(large ensemble)이므로 방대한 양의 기후모의 자료가 확보되어 다양한 목적의 연구에 활용할 수 있다. SMILE은 기존의 다중 기후모델 앙상블이 고려할 수 없었던 종류의 불확실성을 추가적으로 고려함으로써 인간의 활동과 자연적 변동성이 복합재해에 미치는 상대적 영향을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있게 한다. 복합재해 연구에 필수적인 표본 수 부족의 한계를 극복할 수 있기 때문에 최근 기후변화 및 수자원 관련 연구에서 적극적으로 활용되고 있다. 또한, 미래 기후를 모의하기 때문에 복합재해 발생의 특성 및 거동을 전망할 수 있고, 충분한 수의 표본은 통계분석 결과에 신뢰성을 부여할 수 있다. 이러한 SMILE의 장점은 향후 더욱 다양한 연구의 기회를 제공할 것이다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2012

Purpose: Teeth are generally exposed when people smiling. Moreover, the exposed teeth and soft tissue when smiling becomes an important guideline for esthetically prosthetic restoration. This research is to compare and find out differences of Korean young men's smile living in presence and twenty years ago. Materials and methods: Subjects, 100 young men (50 male and 50 female), were required about several aspects; normally developed physical condition, no psychological or genetic disorders, a fine face with no loss of teeth, no experience in orthodontic or prosthetic treatment, relatively normal occlusion, aged between 20-29. The photos of the subject at rest position and front face when fully smiled were taken three times. 100 photos (50 male and 50 female) were chosen at random from the 240 university students' smile photos taken by Yoon and his colleagues in 1991. By Hulsey's method of measuring smile, several factors; the change of upper lip curvature, the change of the relation between the upper lip and teeth, parallelism between Mx. incisor and lower lip, contact relation between Mx. incisor and lower lip and teeth displayed in a smile, were measured and analyzed. Meanwhile, ten dentists assessed aesthetic evaluation about men and women's smile for twice and recorded and compared smile score. The -test (P<.05) was used to compare the measured value. The difference of smile score was analyzed by t-test (P<.05). Results: The smile score calculated in 2011 (60.22) was higher than that of 1991 (52.80). Among five measurement categories, the noticeable difference was distinguished from two factors; the change of upper lip curvature and contact relation between Mx. incisor and lower lip. Conclusion: The Korean young men's smile has been considerably improved for twenty years. And it is found that the change of upper lip curvature plays an important role, that is, the smile formed with an ascended labial commissure has been increased significantly.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.249-257
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was designed to help to provide the criteria of the esthetic smile in oromaxillary region on twenties, fifties and sixties. Materials and methods: The facial straight photographs of 33 adults (male 15, female 18, mean age 27.2 years old) and 20 seniors (male 7, female 13, mean age 55.6 years old) in resting and smile position were taken. The measurements and proportion of lip-teeth relation during smile were statistically analyzed, and survey of freshmen and seniors who belong to School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University were taken to select the best esthetic smile among the photographs. Results: In the relationship between the upper lip and the teeth, average smile was the most frequent, and mean of smile line ratio was 1.090 in young group and 0.90 in old group. The correlation between the buccal corridor ratio and exposed teeth count was inversed. At smile, most frequently exposed tooth was the second premolar (63.64%) in young gourp and the first premolar (35.00%) in old group. The correlation between the upper lip change ratio and exposed clinical crown length of maxillary central incisor was inverse, but there was no correlation between the lower lip change ratio and exposed clinical crown length of maxillarycentral incisor. Conclusion: In the result of survey, the students selected the case exposed to the first premolar as the most esthetic smile. The most esthetic smile between full facial photograph and the lip only photograph by the freshmen was different, but that by seniors was identical.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to validate the autonomous maximal smile (AMS) as a new reference for evaluating dental and gingival exposure. Methods: Digital video clips of 100 volunteers showing posed smiles and AMS at different verbal directives were recorded for evaluation a total of three times at 1-week intervals. Lip-teeth relationship width (LTRW) and buccal corridor width (BCW) were measured. LTRW represented the vertical distance between the inferior border of the upper vermilion and the edge of the maxillary central incisors. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reproducibility, and the m-value (minimum number of repeated measurements required for an ICC level over 0.75), were calculated. Results: LTRW and BCW of the AMS were 1.41 and 2.04 mm, respectively, greater than those of the posed smile (p < 0.05), indicating significantly larger dental and gingival exposure in the AMS. The reproducibility of the AMS (0.74 to 0.77) was excellent, and higher than that of the posed smile (0.62 to 0.65), which had fair-to-good reproducibility. Moreover, the m-value of the AMS (0.88 to 1.05) was lower than that of the posed smile (1.59 to 1.85). Conclusions: Compared to the posed smile, the AMS shows significantly larger LTRW and BCW, with significantly higher reproducibility. The AMS might serve as an adjunctive reference, in addition to the posed smile, in orthodontic and other dentomaxillofacial treatments.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2015

To achieve an esthetic restoration, visualized information considering the facial aspect of patient is required. As for the reasons of esthetic failure, it could be explained by lack of communication and information such as horizontal, vertical and esthetic line. Therefore, it is important to deliver that the visualized information to dental technicians or other dentists for the success of esthetic treatment. This case report presents the process of visualizing esthetic information and designing the restoration using a digital diagnostic tool; Digital Smile Design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2009.01a
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• pp.267-272
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• 2009

Video digests provide an effective way of confirming a video content rapidly due to their very compact form. By watching a digest, users can easily check whether a specific content is worth seeing in full. The impression created by the digest greatly influences the user's choice in selecting video contents. We propose a novel method of automatic digest creation that evokes a joyful impression through the created digest by exploiting smile/laughter facial expressions as emotional cues of joy from video. We assume that a digest presenting smiling/laughing faces appeals to the user since he/she is assured that the smile/laughter expression is caused by joyful events inside the video. For detecting smile/laughter faces we have developed a neural network based method for classifying facial expressions. Video segmentation is performed by automatic shot detection. For creating joyful digests, appropriate shots are automatically selected by shot ranking based on the smile/laughter detection result. We report the results of user trials conducted for assessing the visual impression with automatically created 'joyful' digests produced by our system. The results show that users tend to prefer emotional digests containing laughter faces. This result suggests that the attractiveness of automatically created video digests can be improved by extracting emotional cues of the contents through automatic facial expression analysis as proposed in this paper.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.147-158
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• 2013

This article describes the orthodontic treatment of a 31-year-old Korean female patient with gummy smile and crowding. The patient showed excessive gingival display in both the anterior and posterior areas and a large difference in gingival heights between the anterior and posterior teeth in the maxilla. To correct the gummy smile, we elected to intrude the entire maxillary dentition instead of focusing only on the maxillary anterior teeth. Alignment and leveling were performed, and a midpalatal absolute anchorage system as well as a modified lingual arch was designed to achieve posterosuperior movement of the entire upper dentition. The active treatment period was 18 months. The gummy smile and crowding were corrected, and the results were stable at 21 months post-treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2002.05d
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• pp.768-771
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• 2002

인터넷이 보편화되고, 멀티미디어 처리기술과 정보통신 기술이 발전함에 따라 인터넷을 이용한 원격교육이 확산되고 있으며, 교수자와 학습자에게 질과양 모든 면에서 향상된 교육의 기회를 제공하기 위해 다양한 연구의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 중요한 연구의 하나로 멀티미디어 원격강의 컨텐츠의 쉬운 저작과 이를 효율적으로 실행하고 제어하기 위한 전송 메커니즘에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 멀티미디어 원격강의 컨텐츠를 정의하고 원격강의 컨텐츠 전송에 있어 원격강의 컨텐츠를 제어 할 수 있는 구조와 제어 기술언어인 SMILe를 제안하고 이를 바탕으로 한 컨텐츠 전송체계와 시스템을 구현하였다. 제안한 SMILe는 멀티미디어 원격강의 컨텐츠의 구성과 제어에 범용적으로 사용될 수 있는 장점이 있다.