• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.437-447
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• 2023

By actively adopting technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the port industry is trending toward new types of ports, such as automated and smart ports. However, behind the development of these ports, there is an increasing risk of cyber security incidents and threats within ports and container terminals, including information leakage through cargo handling equipment and ransomware attacks leading to disruptions in terminal operations. Despite the necessity of research to enhance cyber security within ports, there is a lack of such studies in the domestic context. This study focuses on Busan Port, a representative port in South Korea that actively incorporates technology from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in order to discover variables for improving cyber security in container terminals. The research results categorized factors for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals into network construction and policy support, standardization of education and personnel training, and legal and regulatory factors. Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was conducted based on these factors, leading to the identification of detailed factors for securing and enhancing safety, reliability, performance, and satisfaction in Busan Port's container terminals. The significance of this study lies in providing direction for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals and addressing the increasing incidents of cyber security attacks within ports and container terminals.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.217-228
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• 2012

As the size of container ships continues to increase, not many existing harbors can host the super-container ship due to its increased draft and the corresponding dredging requires huge budget. In addition, the minimization of waiting and loading/offloading time is the most important factor in harbor competitiveness. In this regard, mobile-harbor concept has been developed in Korea to achieve much improved harbor capacity and efficiency. In developing the concept, one of the most important elements is the operability of crane between two or more floating bodies in side-by-side arrangement. The container ship is to be stationed through a hawser connection to an outside-harbor fixed-pile station with the depth allowing its large draft. The mobile harbors with smart cranes are berthed to the sides of its hull for loading/offloading containers and transportation. For successful operation, the relative motions between the two or more floating bodies with hawser/fender connections have to be within allowable range. Therefore, the reliable prediction of the relative motions of the multiple floating bodies with realistic mooring system is essential to find the best hull particulars, hawser/mooring/fender arrangement, and crane/docking-station design. Time-domain multi-hull-mooring coupled dynamic analysis program is used to assess the hydrodynamic interactions among the multiple floating bodies and the global performance of the system. Both collinear and non-collinear wind-wave-current environments are applied to the system. It is found that the non-collinear case can equally be functional in dynamics view compared to the collinear case but undesirable phenomena associated with vessel responses and hawser tensions can also happen at certain conditions, so more care needs to be taken.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2022

In this study, the physical quality and microbial changes of ginseng sprout according to the pretreatment process and packaging container were evaluated to improve the storage properties of ginseng sprout produced in smart farm. Quality change during storage (10 days) according to pretreatment method (ascorbic acid, citric acid, peroxyacetic acid) and packaging container (expanded polystyrene (EP), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene + polyethylene + cast polypropylene (PP+PE+CPP)) was evaluated in terms of texture, viable cell count, water content, and color. As a result of comparison according to the type of pretreatment, the citric acid treatment group showed the lowest texture change and the effect on inhibition of bacterial growth. On the other hand, citric acid, which was most effective among pretreatments, was treated in all samples and then stored in 4 types of containers. Specially, the ginseng sprout in PP packaging container was not observed significant softening or color changes after 10 days storage, and the lowest changes in viable cell number. Therefore, this study was shown that citric acid treatment and use of PP packaging container are effective in increasing the shelf life of ginseng sprout.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

The Internet of things (IoT) has been applied to a variety of industrial uses such as public service sectors, medical industries, automotive industries, and so on. Led by smart cities, this is typical. However, from a logistics perspective, the level of application is insufficient. This study examines the applicability of IoT-related technology in a container terminal, an object of the present invention, to derive an applicable plan. Analytic network process (ANP) analysis reveals the following results for IoT applications in container terminals: operating systems (26.7%), safety/environmental/security systems (26.4%), equipment maintenance systems (25.3%), and facility maintenance systems (21.6 %). The second ANP analysis reveals the following results: Economy (40.2%), productivity (21.1%), service level (19.5%), and utilizing technology level (19.2%). The application or standard of evaluation is important when applying IoT technology to container terminals; however, it is not concentrated in a certain area. It is desirable to build each container system with linkage and efficiency from a macroscopic view.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.64-65
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of cyber security at the Busan Port container terminal and derive strengthening factors through exploratory research. In recent years, the maritime industry has actively adopted Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, resulting in changes in the form of ports, such as automated and smart terminals. While these changes have brought positive improvements in port efficiency, they have also increased the potential for cyber security incidents and threats, including information leakage through cargo handling equipment and ransomware attacks leading to terminal operations disruption. Especially in the case of ports, cyber security threats can have not only local effects within the port but also physical damage and implications for national security. However, despite the growing cyber security threats within ports, research related to domestic port cyber security remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors for enhancing cyber security in ports and derive future enhancement strategies. The study conducted an analysis focusing on the Busan Port container terminal, which is one of the leading ports in South Korea actively adopting Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, and conducted a survey of stakeholders in the Busan Port container terminal. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis was used to derive strengthening factors. This study holds significance in providing directions for enhancing cyber security in domestic container ports in the future.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 2014

Recently ships and ocean platforms are becoming increasingly technological, unmanned, and huge. Maintenance and safety monitoring of these products is very important for safety reasons. Therefore, real-time monitoring of safety regions, such as the engine room, and hull structure, and environmental states, like fire and pressure of LNG tanks, is required for the sustainable ships. In this paper, a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network is suggested to monitor ships and ocean platforms effectively. However, this causes some telecommunication problems because these products are made of steel. To resolve this problem, we use the mesh networking of Zig-Bee that can monitor the regions and environmental states consistently. The telecommunication of such a monitoring system is tested on a real container ship and its performance is verified. The real-time monitoring results are displayed on the users' smart devices.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2007

RFID technology is considered as a promising solution to increase efficiency of port logistics. Especially active RFID technology, such as e-Seal for container security, is receiving attention nowadays. If active RFID system is combined with passive RFID and legacy bar-code system overall efficiency of port logistics can be improved However, due to the device dependent control interface of RFID readers, there are many difficulties in making active-passive combined RFID system environment. In this paper, we introduce Smart Reader Interface (SRI) system, which provides a device independent RFID reader interrace to control different kinds of RFID readers by hiding device dependent control interface through adapter architecture which is similar to device driver of conventional operating systems. The key design objectives of SRI are the followings; conformance to the related standard. efficiency in processing, easy addition of an adapter for a new RFID reader. Actually, the implemented SRI system can support various kinds of commercial RFID readers, and through the test carried out not only in laboratory but also in the container terminal in the GwangYang Port, its practicality is verified.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.194-200
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• 2021

This study proposes a plan to construct an integrated platform that reduces manufacturing costs and efficiently produce by integrating the systems of main producers, production subcontractors, and raw material subcontractors for the production of food packaging containers. The production plan of food packaging containers and raw materials is established in real time between the main producers, production subcontractors, and raw material subcontractors in consideration of the demand characteristics of each product. It establishes basic information that all processes from the production planning stage to the forwarding stage of the product are linked to each other. The progress of each producer of interlinked processes is shared in real-time to improve productivity and quality of food packaging containers and raw materials and reduce manufacturing costs. By monitoring the system of the main producer and the production subcontractor in real time, the production of food packaging containers is performed in a timely manner, thereby improving productivity. The application of the plan-do-check-action (PDCA) process, which includes planning, execution, evaluation and improvement in the production operation processes of the main producer, production subcontractor and raw material subcontractor, enables improved production compliance rate. The contents of the main producers, production subcontractors, and raw material subcontractors are managed in real time, then a converged production management system is established through the platform proposed in this study to ensure timely supply and demand of raw materials without delay in ordering.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.121-140
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify economic benefits for analyzing the future port and propose an appropriate estimation model. This research has conducted the empirical analysis in order to examine the developed research model. First of all, several existing economic benefits are reviewed and the list of benefits, are able to quantify and characterizable, is selected for the next step. We test the application possibility of the proposed model applying for the three suggestions(AS/RS, OSS, Sky Rail) which are based on "Development of Smart Green Container Terminal Technology." The results of this paper are as follows: Firstly, all of the alternatives are proved economic validation because the values of B/C analysis are over 1.0. Secondly, sensitive analysis is attempted to test unforeseeable circumstances based on the cost increases. The result of the test is identified economic validation as well. Lastly, we convince that the proposed research model in this study is particularly applicable to future container terminal so-called "eco-friendly and fully automated container terminal with high productivity."

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.437-445
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• 2018

IMO (International Maritime Organization) has been strengthening the regulations of ship emission gas such as sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxides (CO2) to protect the marine environment. Especially, ECA (Emission Control Area) has been set and operated in the USA and US. As a countermeasure against these environmental regulations, the demand for environmentally, friendly and highly efficient vessels has led to a growing interest in technology related research with respect to electric propulsion systems capable of reducing exhaust gas. Container ships were excluded from the application coverage of the electric propulsion systems for reasons of operation at economical speed. However, in the future, the need for electric propulsion system is expected to rise, because it is easy to monitor and control so that it can be an applicate to smart ship which are represented by fourth industrial revolution technology. In this study, research was carried out to design a generator and battery capacity through the load analysis of the 6,800TEU container ship to apply the electric propulsion system of the container ship. A capacity design based on the load analysis has an advantage that the generator can be operated in a high efficiency section through the load distribution control using the battery.