• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제38A권3호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2013

차세대 이동통신 시스템 규격으로서 3GPP LTE-Advanced (Third Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution-Advanced)는 급격하게 증가하는 무선 데이터 트래픽 요구를 해결하기 위해 펨토 셀 혹은 피코 셀과 같은 소형 기지국 및 단말과 단말 사이에 근거리 통신을 수행하는 D2D (Device-to-Device) 통신 방식을 도입하였다. 대형 기지국인 매크로 셀과 소형 기지국인 펨토 셀과 피코 셀 그리고 D2D 통신이 한 개의 셀 내에 혼재하면서 생기는 다양한 간섭 상황이 정리되었으며, 이를 해결하기 위해서 다양한 주제 범위에서 연구가 되었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 HetNet (Heterogeneous Network)에서 매크로 셀과 타 기종 네트워크 사이의 간섭을 관리하고 주파수 효율성을 높일 수 있는 간섭회피 방법을 제시한다. 본 논문에서 고려하는 CCN (Cluster Coordinator Node)의 도움을 받는 셀간 간섭회피 방법은 하나의 MeNB (Macro enhanced Node-B)와 다수 소형 셀들이 공존하는 HetNet 환경에서 다수 소형 셀들을 하나의 CCN이 관리하는 구조를 고려한다. HetNet에서 셀간 간섭관리를 위한 구체적인 방법으로 본 논문에서는 CCN 영역 내에 사용자들의 간섭회피를 위한 자원할당 방법을 제안하고, 이들 성능을 시스템 레벨 모의시험을 통해 검증하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.297-307
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• 2012

A femtocell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. The random deployment of a femtocell has a critical effect on the performance of a macrocell network due to co-channel interference. Utilizing the advantage of a multiple-input multiple-output system, each femto base station (FBS) is able to form a cluster and generates a precoding matrix, which is a modified version of conventional single-cell block diagonalization, in a cooperative manner. Since interference from clustered-FBSs located at the nearby macro user equipment (MUE) is the dominant interference contributor to the coexisting networks, each cluster generates a precoding matrix considering the effects of interference on nearby MUEs. Through simulation, we verify that the proposed algorithm shows better performance respective to both MUE and femto user equipment, in terms of capacity.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2022

The fifth generation (5G) mobile communication technology is designed to meet all communication needs. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are a new emerging network structure. HetNets have greater potential for radio resource reuse and better service quality than homogeneous networks since they can evolve small cells into macrocells. Effective resource allocation techniques reduce inter-user interference while optimizing the utilization of limited spectrum resources in HetNets. This article discusses resource allocation in 5G HetNets. This paper explains HetNets and how they work. Typical cell types in HetNets are summarized. Also, HetNets models are explained in the third section. The fourth component addresses radio resource control and mobility management. Moreover, future study in this subject may benefit from this article's significant insights on how HetNets function.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.1424-1432
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• 2015

해양 산업과 IT 기술의 융합으로 해상 통신에 대한 여러 무선통신 기술들이 논의됨에 따라 채널 선택에 따른 간섭 제어, 시간영역에서 간섭 제어 등 다양한 간섭 제어 방법이 시도되고 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 다양한 해양 통신 환경에서 시스템의 성능을 측정하고 검증 및 평가할 수 있도록 하향링크 시스템 레벨 시뮬레이터를 구현하였다. 제안하는 시뮬레이터는 기존의 이동통신 시뮬레이터와 달리 해상에서 선박 간 신호간섭을 조정할 수 있도록 3GPP Release 10의 주요 기술 enhanced inter-cell interference coordination(eICIC)을 적용하였다. 또한 개발한 시스템 레벨 시뮬레이터를 사용하여 eICIC의 주요 기술인 almost blank subframes(ABS)와 cell range expansion(CRE) 변화에 따른 소형 셀의 수율 분포를 도출하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.997-1010
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• 2014

Today, as the hierarchical cellular system is getting more attention than before, some recent studies introduce delay based admission control (AC) scheme which delays the admission to the macro-embedded small cell for a relatively short time to prevent unnecessary handover caused by the short-term visitors of the small cell area. In such delay based ACs, when we use improper delay parameter, the system frequently makes incorrect handover decisions such as where unnecessary handover is allowed due to too short delaying, or where necessary handover is denied due to too long delaying. In order to avoid these undesirable situations as much as possible, we develop a new delay parameter decision method based on probabilistic cell residence time approximations. By the extensive numerical and analytical evaluations, we determine the proper delay parameter which prevents the incorrect handover decision as much as possible. We expect our delay parameter decision method can be useful system administration tips in hierarchical cellular system where delay based AC is adopted.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.5301-5323
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• 2017

Small cell deployment offers a low-cost solution for the boosted traffic demand in heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). Besides improved spatial spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency, future HCNs are also featured with the trend of network architecture convergence and feasibility for flexible mobile applications. To achieve these goals, dual connectivity (DC) is playing a more and more important role to support control/user-plane splitting, which enables maintaining fixed control channel connections for reliability. In this paper, we develop a tractable framework for the downlink SINR analysis of DC assisted HCN. Based on stochastic geometry model, the data-control joint coverage probabilities under multi-frequency and single-frequency tiering are derived, which involve quick integrals and admit simple closed-forms in special cases. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the accuracy of the expressions. It is observed that the increase in mobility robustness of DC is at the price of control channel SINR degradation. This degradation severely worsens the joint coverage performance under single-frequency tiering, proving multi-frequency tiering a more feasible networking scheme to utilize the advantage of DC effectively. Moreover, the joint coverage probability can be maximized by adjusting the density ratio of small cell and macro cell eNBs under multi-frequency tiering, though changing cell association bias has little impact on the level of the maximal coverage performance.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권23호
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• pp.10355-10361
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• 2015

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules found in multicellular eukaryotes which are implicated in development of cancer, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Expression is controlled by transcription factors (TFs) that bind to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. Interactions result in biological signal control networks. Materials and Methods: Molecular components involved in cSCC were here assembled at abnormally expressed, related and global levels. Networks at these three levels were constructed with corresponding biological factors in term of interactions between miRNAs and target genes, TFs and miRNAs, and host genes and miRNAs. Up/down regulation or mutation of the factors were considered in the context of the regulation and significant patterns were extracted. Results: Participants of the networks were evaluated based on their expression and regulation of other factors. Sub-networks with two core TFs, TP53 and EIF2C2, as the centers are identified. These share self-adapt feedback regulation in which a mutual restraint exists. Up or down regulation of certain genes and miRNAs are discussed. Some, for example the expression of MMP13, were in line with expectation while others, including FGFR3, need further investigation of their unexpected behavior. Conclusions: The present research suggests that dozens of components, miRNAs, TFs, target genes and host genes included, unite as networks through their regulation to function systematically in human cSCC. Networks built under the currently available sources provide critical signal controlling pathways and frequent patterns. Inappropriate controlling signal flow from abnormal expression of key TFs may push the system into an incontrollable situation and therefore contributes to cSCC development.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2058-2074
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• 2017

Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks(HCNs) offer a promising approach to meet the target of 1000x increase in aggregate data rates in 5G wireless communication systems. However how to best utilize the available radio resources at densely deployed small cells remains an open problem as those small cells are typically unplanned. In this paper we focus on balancing loads across macro cells and small cells by offloading users to small cells, as well as dynamically switching off underutilized small cells. We propose a joint user association and base station(BS) sleep mangement(UA-BSM) scheme that proactively offloads users to a fraction of the densely deployed small cells. We propose a heuristic algorithm that iteratively solves the user association problem and puts BSs with low loads into sleep. An interference relation matrix(IRM) is constructed to help us identify the candidate BSs that can be put into sleep. User associations are then aggregated to selected small cells that remain active. Simulation results show that our proposed approach achieves load balancing across macro and small cells and reduces the number of active BSs. Numerical results show user signal to interference ratio(SINR) can be improved by small cell sleep control.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2018

모바일 트래픽은 계속해서 폭발적으로 증가하고 있으며 이동통신 사업자들은 기지국의 추가 설치만으로 계속해서 증가하는 모바일 트래픽 요구량을 충족하는 것이 점점 어려워지고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위해 기존의 매크로 셀에 펨토셀과 같은 스몰 셀을 설치하여 공간 및 주파수의 재사용이 가능한 이기종 네트워크(Heterogeneous network) 개념이 도입되었다. 그러나 펨토 소유자의 협력 없이는 기존의 매크로셀 사용자가 펨토셀에 연결되어 전체 네트워크의 효율성을 증대시키기 어렵다. 펨토 소유자도 적절한 인센티브(incentive)를 받지 않고는 다른 단말들을 자신의 펨토 기지국에 수용할 필요성을 느끼지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 단말을 펨토 셀에 추가하기 위하여 펨토 소유자에 제시할 최적의 인센티브를 도출하는 방법을 제시한다. 단말의 전송률을 바탕으로 이득함수를 구성하였으며 네트워크 전체의 이득함수를 최대화 할 수 있는 인센티브를 계산한다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.812-814
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• 2015

각 기지국이 공통된 자기구성 전략을 사용하고 자신의 상황 고려하여 자신의 셀 접속 방식을 정하는 분산 자기 구성 셀 접속 기법을 제안하고 복잡도가 높은 중앙 집중 집합 접속 방식과의 성능저하 없이 복잡도를 매우 낮출 수 있음을 보였다.