• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.172-185
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• 2004

LSU rDNA D1-D2 and SSU rDNA genes of 23 strains in seven Alexandrium (Halim) species, A. tamarense (Lebour) Balech, A. catenella (Whedon et Kofoid), A. fraterculus (Balech) Balech, A. affine (Inoue et Fukuyo) Balech, A. insuetum Balech, A. pseudogonyaulax (Biecheler) Horiguchi ex Yuki et Fukuyo and A. tamiyavanichii Balech, were sequenced and the data were used for molecular phylogenetic analysis. The sequence data revealed 11 and 7 ribotypes in the LSU rDNA D1-D2 region and 4 and 17 ribotypes in the SSU rDNA region of A. catenella and A. tamarense, respectively. Other Alexandrium species had also 1 to 5 ribotypes in the two regions. With the exception of CMC2 and CMC3 of A. catenella, all A. tamarense and A. catenella strains had a common ribotype, a functionally expressed rRNA gene (here termed type A), in both gene regions. In addition to the functionally expressed gene, several pseudogenes were obtained that were found to be good tools to analyze the population designation of regional isolates by grouping them according to shared ribotypes. From the phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data determined in this study and retrieved from GenBank, the genus Alexandrium was divided into 14 groups: 1) A. tamarense, 2) A. excavatum, 3) A. catenella, 4) Tasmanian A. tamarense, 5) A. affine (and/or A. concavum), 6) Thai A. tamarense, 7) A. tamiyavanichii, 8) A. fraterculus, 9) A. margalefii, 10) A. andersonii, 11) A. ostenfeldii, 12) A. minutum (or A. lusitanicum), 13) A. insuetum, and 14) A. pseudogonyaulax. The SSU rDNA gene sequence of A. fundyense was so similar to those of A. tamarense used in this study that the two species were difficult to discriminate each other. A. tamiyavanichii was closest to the A. tamarense strain isolated in Thailand and close to the long chain-forming species of A. affine and A. fraterculus. The phylogenetic tree showed that A. margalefii, A. andersonii, A. ostenfeldii, A. minutum and A. insuetum constituted the basal relative complex, and that A. pseudogonyaulax is an ancestral taxon in the genus Alexandrium.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.23-23
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• 2003

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, is the most destructive disease of American and European chestnut trees. A total of 672 C prasitica was isolated from blight lesion on chestnut twigs, which were collected from major chestnut plantations all over Korea in 1999. Isolation rates were over 30% in Kyunggj-, Kyongnam-, and Chonnam-do. The highest isolation rate was 37.4% and recorded in Kyongnam-do. On the other hand, Chonbuk-do had the lowest isolation rate as 13.5%. In grouping of C parasitica by colony shape and color, yellow colony with irregular margin were the most dominant colony type with a frequency of 65.2%. When the 672 isolates were inoculated on the chestnut twigs, 380 isolates (56.5%) caused lesions larger than the standard virulent isolate EP155-2, while 158 isolates (23.4%) caused smaller lesions than the standard hypovirulent isolate UEP-1. In Bavendamm test that determines phenol oxidase activity, 97.1% of all the isolates resulted the same or darker discoloration than EP155-2, and only 12.2% resulted the same or lighter discoloration than UEP-1. In the vegetative compatibility (VC) tests, total 670 isolates were divided into 121 VC groups (VCGs). Kyongnam-, Chonnam-, and Chungnam-do, the three principal chestnut plantation area, had 49, 33, and 27 VCGs, respectively. Among the VCGs, the biggest VCG, KR-VC104, was composed of 164 isolates and the second biggest VCG had 62 isolates. But, 64 of 121 VCGs consisted of sole member. More than 65.8% of KR-VC104, was isolated from the three provinces, Kyongnam-, Kangwon-, and Chungbuk-do. In KR-VC104, 62.8%, 59.1%, and 85.9% of the isolates looked like virulent in colony type, pathogenicity test, and Bavendamm test. In ds-RNA detection tests using cellulose chromatography, 77 of total 650 isolates were ds-RNA positive and detected ds-RNA segments were approximately 12kb, 3kb, 2.7kb, 2kb, and 1.8kb in size. Among the 77 isolates, 46 isolates had 12kb and 25 isolates had 12kb and 2.7kb. Other 6 Isolates had small ds-RNA segments. Kyongnam-, Chonnam-, and Chungnam-do had 43, 16, and 5 ds-RNA positive isolates, respectively. Among the 121 VCGs, only 29 VCGs had ds-RNA positive isolates.(중략)

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 협동학습 전략을 사용한 공통과학 수업에서 학생의 내 외향성을 고려한 소집단 구성의 효과와 내 외향적 학생의 차이를 조사하였다. 고등학교 1학년 93명을 대상으로 내 외향성의 측면에서 동질적으로 소집단을 구성한 협동학습과 이질적으로 구성한 협동학습을 물질 단원 10차시 동안 실시하였다. 사전 검사로 내 외향성 검사와 논리적 사고력검사, 사전 학습 동기 검사를 실시하였고, 사후 검사로 학업 성취도 검사, 탐구사고력 검사, 자아존중감 검사, 의사소통 불안 검사, 학습 동기 검사를 실시하였다. 이원 공변량 분석 결과, 학업 성취도와 탐구사고력에서는 주효과나 상호작용 효과가 없었다. 그러나 자아존중감 검사에서는 상호작용 효과가 유의미하였다. 동질 집단에서는 내향적 학생과 외향적 학생의 차이가 크지 않았으나, 이질 집단에서는 외향적 학생의 자아존중감이 내향적 학생보다 높게 나타났다. 또한 내향적 학생은 외향적 학생에 비하여 의사소통 불안이 유의미하게 높았다. 소집단 활동과 조원에 대한 학생들의 인식도 조사하였다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.85-96
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• 1998

This is a study on the revitalization of the fashion design studios (planning and production companies of clothing) in compliance with the request from the Small and Medium Business Administration. It's purpose is to strengthen the competence of the petty company and eventually frourish the Korean Fashion Business. The research method to conduct this study consists of two parts. First part is the research on the domestic industry mainly by questionaire, interviews and literature reviews. After making out the directory of the design studios (total of 700), 85 studios were selected for the questionaire. And by interviewing them, data with more depth was obtained. The second part is the research of the foreign cases. In the case of Japan, survey was done on the spot. However, in the case of Italy, literature review and interview with specialists were made. Also in order to higher the efficiency of the study an advisory committee and final explanatory meeting was carried into effect. This study has started first by looking into the significance and function of the fashion design studios. Then, a full scale examination was made centering around the questionarie of the present conditions of the companies. General conditions were first observed. Then the survey was done by grouping the industry by the industrial classifications such as woven, knit, leather mustang fur and fashion accesaries. The problems these companies face are that they are petty in scale and in lack of speciality, professional training, government support. Also, they are without an association or an organization that speaks for them and they face problems while doing business with others. Cases of Japan and Italy were surveyed as the example of the advanced nations. In the case of Japan, development of planning and management company, Fashion Soft House, was analyzed. Italy for instance, the function of the studios was looked into centering around the silk complex, Como, knit product complex, Capri. Also, precedent cases of brands and developing factor of the fashion industry was examined. Finally, on the basis of the result of the study, a plan to revitalize the fashion design studios was presented centering around the strategic planning, management, production, developing of talent, improvement of relationship between business acqaintance, and the support policy of the government.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.91-102
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• 1979

The basic problem of the broiler industry is that of fluctuating prices, mainly thanks to unstable supply of and inelastic demand for products as usually indicated as a peculiarity of agricultural commodities. This particularly brings the producer to a great economic risk, because he has to sell products under the condition of pure competition, whereas others from whom he has to buy deal under the condition of oligopoly or even monopoly. Therefore, producers economic position is generally placed in the worst comparing others dealing with, which results in unbalanced economic status of elements involved in broiler operation and further obstruction of industry development as a whole. A certain type of business coordination to overcome such a problem should be measured in order to improve the efficiency of entire operation and thus assure the balanced industry development. The concept of the economic integration developed in modern business system had been adapted to U.S. poultry industry which became common later around the world as a means of stabilizing producers price and whole industry as well. There are two main typos of integration; horizontal and vertical The former refers to the general grouping of similar business units, eg. a hatchery tying with other hatchery, while the latter refers to the knitting together of two or more stages of economic activities, eg. tying together among units of hatching, fled milling, production, processing and marketing. By having the industry integrated, risk and uncertainty involved in various stages of operation could be diversified. The typo of integrating contract between producers and integrators include the share of profits, flat fee payment, feed conversion payment and salary basis. In the U.S., extensive changes in production, processing, and marketing during the last few decades have changed the thicken broiler industry from one of small, widely scattered farms to one that is largo, concentrated and efficient. More than 99 percent of all broilers produced are grown under contract and by integrated firms which vary in size of operation and complexity. About 84 percent of all production is concentrated in 10 States. Some of the other factors ;hat contributed to these choses arc costs, energy use, prices, processing, marketing and demand. No integrated broiler production system has yet been applied in Korea's poultry industry, thus all stages all broiler operation run independently seeking for its own profit. Consequently, producers price fluctuate very widely around the year even more than 50 percent in a few months. This also leads to disadvantages of material supplies, processors and distributors and enforce the industry unstable. The current economic environment in Korea seems that the time for broiler integration comes and as an ideal integrator, feed millers, food processors and producers group may be considered.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

The objective of this paper was to analyse the foot type of female university students by the direct and indirect measure of foot and the measures of foot outline. The results were as follow: 1. The length and the width of foot were small and ankle slender and the modification of the big toe slight. 2. The analysis on the 16 measure items revealed five factors; the first factor was related to the width and girth of foot, the second one to the length of foot, the third one to the transformation of the little toe, the fourth one to the height of foot, the fifth one to transformation of the big toe. 3. The grouping on the shape of foot revealed three types. The inline angle of foot was the smallest in average in the type 1, while it appeared to be middle in the other types. The wider foot shapes were grouped as type 2 because their inline and outline angles of foot were the biggest in average. In the type 3, the big toe was curved a lot, since it was the largest in average. 4. From the naked eye measuring method, classification from which toe was popped-out told that Egyptian foot was 30.9%, Greek foot 27.9%. On the other hand, the instrumental method showed that Egyptian foot was 57.3%, Squared foot 35.3% and Greek foot 7.4%. 5. The result from the analysis about the traits of foot shape by the degree of the arch formation of bottom foot, showed that 33.8% had the normal foot, 66.2% slightly flat foot or middle one. There was no one with rigid flat foot. 6. The shoes size they declared were that 240cm was 33.3%, 235cm 18.1% and 245cm 18.1%. The shape of their shoe heel were flat heel(34.8%), cuban heel(25.5%), and narrow straight heel(19.9%); and that of the shoe toe were round toe(25.4%), oval toe(20.4%) and squared toe(20.4%). 7. The discomforting parts when they wear shoes were the little toe(35.4%), the rear of foot(13.9%), and the width of foot(13.9%), which was related to their dislike of shoe with the pointed toe.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제9권1_2호
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• pp.29-41
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• 1982

This retrospective clinical study was done based under the delivery records of 146 cases of twin pregnancies in Yonsei University, Severance Hospital and Wonju Christian Hospital from 1977 through 1980 with particular interest in the second twins. Clinical factors, Apgar scores related to neonatal prognosis, and perinatal mortality rate were statistically analyzed and the following results were obtained. The mean - birthweight for A (first) twins was 2,377 grams and for B (second) twins 2,296 grams. In comparison of the percentage of low-birth-weight (less than 2,500 grams) infants, there were more small B twins, but the difference was statistically not significant. Because there were no significant statistical differences in birth weight-grouping between A and B twins, they could be compared with the comprehensive Apgar scores, but this method was also shown to be statistically not significant. In comparison of the percentage of breech deliveries in A and B twins, the percentage was more than three times in B twin (A twin, 7.5 per cent; B twin, 24.0 per cent), and the difference was statistically very significant (p < 0.0005). There were no significant statistical differences between the Apgar scores of A and B twins in reference to the manner of delivery. According to the manner of delivery of B twins, spontaneous vertex delivery and total breech extraction revealed higher infant mortality rate than others. B twins presented by the vertex in 88 cases (61.0 per cent), by the breech in 55 cases (37.0 per cent), and by the shoulder in 3 cases (2.0 per cent). And this therefore disclosed no significant statistical differences in Apgar scores in relation to the presentation. The duration of labor appeared to have no clear correlation with the Apgar scores and the perinatal mortality of A and B twins. The delivery interval between A and B twins was 11.9 minutes on an. averge, varying from 3 to 65 minutes. The length of this interval was not found to have any significant effect on the Apgar scores and the perinatal mortality rate of B twin.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.696-703
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• 2015

본 연구는 '해운선사 안전관리 평가지표 개발에 관한 연구'의 후속연구로서 선행연구에서 도출한 '안전관리 평가지표'의 '안전가점' 지수에 해당하는 안전경영 지표의 평가항목을 개발하고, 적정성을 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 해상화물운송사업장에서 일하는 안전관리 담당자를 대상으로 의견을 수렴하여 안전경영 지표별 11개의 평가항목을 개발하였다. 식별된 11개 평가항목에 대한 적정성 검토를 위해 설문조사를 실시하고, 사업형태별(내항해상화물운송, 외항해상화물운송), 사업규모별(보유선박수)로 응답자의 적정성 인식의 차이를 통계적 기법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 평가항목에 대한 적정성 인식의 차이는 사업형태와는 무관하였다. 그러나 사업규모에 따라서는 소(小) 중(中) 대(大) 3개의 그룹 간 평가항목의 적정성에 인식의 차이가 존재했다. 따라서 향후 안전경영 지표를 활용하여 선사를 평가할 경우, 사업형태별로 동일하게 평가하되 사업규모별로는 보유선박수에 따라 그룹화하여 평가하는 것이 타당하다는 결론을 얻었다.

• 중소기업융합학회논문지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2016

병원을 방문하는 환자의 질병은 환경과 생활 습관에 따라 같은 질병도 서로 다른 증상이 발생할 수 있다. 최근 환자를 대상으로 제공되는 의료 서비스는 질병에 따라 환자 증상을 분석하여 치료 방법을 선택할 수 있는 환경으로 변화하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 같은 질병을 앓고 있는 환자들의 건강상태를 파악하여 질병 정도에 따라 치료 방법이 달라질 수 있기 때문에 환자 질병 정보에 따른 치료 방법을 그룹핑하여 효율적으로 관리할 수 있는 질병 관리 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법은 환자 질병 정보를 빅 데이터화하여 의료진의 진료 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 환자의 치료 만족도를 향상시킬 수 있는 특징이 있다. 제안 기법은 환자 동의하에 같은 질병을 앓고 있는 환자들의 질병 정보를 소그룹으로 클러스터링하여 빅 데이터 처리가 가능하다. 또한, 제안 기법은 환자 질병 정보에 따른 치료 방법을 특정 키워드를 통해 손쉽게 검색할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 실험 결과, 제안 기법은 기존 기법에 비해 업무 효율성 측면에서 23% 향상되었으며, 질병 관리 시간도 11.3% 향상된 결과를 얻었다. 설문 조사를 통해 살펴본 의료 서비스에 대한 환자 만족도는 31.5% 높은 결과를 얻었다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2016

저장해야 하는 데이터양이 상당히 증가하여 필요 저장 장치의 수가 증가하게 되었다. 다수의 저장 장치 이용 시 일부 저장 장치가 사용 불가능하여도 파일의 가용성을 보장하는 파일 분산 저장 기술이 필수적이다. 최근 다수의 저장 장치로 구성된 파일 분산 저장 시스템의 에너지 소모가 문제가 되고 있다. 파일 분산 저장 시스템의 에너지 효율성을 향상시키기 위한 대표적인 기존 기술은 효율적인 파일 블록 배치를 통하여 사용량이 적은 시간에 일부 저장 장치를 절전 상태로 변경하는 것이다. 한 번 배치가 된 파일 블록의 재배치는 기존 연구에서 고려되지 않는데, 대량의 파일을 저장하고 있는 파일 분산 저장 시스템에서 파일 블록의 재배치에는 큰 비용이 필요할 수 있기 때문이다. 하지만 새 저장 장치나 파일이 추가되는 경우를 고려할 때 파일 블록의 재배치는 필수적이다. 본 논문은 파일 블록의 재배치 시 필요한 블록 이동수를 최소화하는 정수 최적화 문제를 제시하고 이를 분기한정법 알고리즘으로 해결하는 방법을 제안한다. 이를 통해 최소한의 파일 블록 이동으로 최대한의 많은 수의 저장 장치를 절전 상태로 변경할 수 있다. 하지만 정수 최적화 문제의 분기한정법 알고리즘을 통한 해결은 연산 속도가 문제 크기에 따라 지수 함수적으로 증가하는 문제가 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 모든 파일과 데이터 서버를 여러 집단으로 나누어 크기가 작은 문제 다수를 해결하는 방식을 제안한다.