• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.215-236
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• 2013

It is quite true that the more Korean contractors receive overseas contracts, the more they need guarantees. The top market for them is the Middle East countries, consisting of more than the half of the total amount awarded last year and the trend is increasing as well. The problem, however, is that employers in these countries are reluctant to use international rules for guarantee such as URDG or ISP98 and easily make unfair callings. However, Korean contractors(applicants), especially small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) tend to hurriedly enter a contract without looking into its contents as well as guarantees. They do not realize the importance of the guarantees until they receive callings from the employers(beneficiaries). Being independent from the underlying contracts, guarantee is the equivalent to cash in that it usually does not require any proof of demand when calling and the guarantor should make a payment within usually 5 business days after the request. It is often observed these days that several Korean SMEs go bankrupt due to liquidity risks after receiving unfair callings from employers in the Middle East countries. In retrospect, some cases could be obviated if contractors were a little more careful in checking the contents of a guarantee at the time of concluding a contract. For example, there is one case where the underlying contract includes a reduction clause in the Advance Payment bond and the guarantee does not have that clause. In the end, the Korean contractor had to take the whole burden of the bond amount though it had finished 81% of the project. Nobody could argue that contractors should take a full responsibility if they fail in their obligations. However, the employer's wrongful callings need to be prevented in the first place, if possible. As there shouldn't be a case where one party is at a disadvantage against the other like the case mentioned above, useful insight is being sought to minimize unfair calling risks for the benefit of the applicant. First, the applicant should carefully look into every detail of the potential guarantee before signing a contract, heeding especially that there is a reduction clause in the AP bond. Second, the governing principles for guarantee should be the ones that are internally used such as URDG758 that is objective in terms of callings given that, for example, it specifies that the requirement for a supporting statement when making a demand is a default rule. It is also recommended that the form of guarantees be the standard demand guarantee. Third, parties involved in issuing guarantees are advised to understand international rules for guarantee like URDG758 and ISP98 and to play a key role in guiding SME contractors in Korea so that they can protect themselves from possible wrongful callings, particularly from employers in the Middle East countries. I hope this study would give a wake-up call for Korean SMEs wishing to do business in the Middle East countries and remind them of the importance of guarantee itself and its governing principles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.368-377
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• 2014

Small yellow croaker is one of the important stocks in Korean waters. In this study, we conducted sea trials to estimate optimum height of a drift gill net for effective fishing of small yellow croaker. In the trial using existing net which has 9.2m in height, there was 22 species (1,180 fishes, 99.9kg) caught. The catch (in individuals) of small yellow croaker, especially larger fishes (over 22cm in FL), was higher as part of net height is higher, while the number of species bycaught and the catch of those species were higher as part of net height is lower. In the trial using extension net which has 18.4m in height, there was 27 species (2,030 fishes, 151.7kg). It showed same pattern with existing net in the section I to III, however, in the section IV which is over 13.8m of net height, the catch sharply decreased. The number of species bycaught and the catch of those species using extension net were also same as results using existing net. It showed that section III (9.2-13.8m) where is upper-middle part of the net has caught most of catch and large fishes having over 22cm in length. Through these results, it is judged that the setting depth of the net where is 4.6-13.8m above the sea bottom is the best to reduce bycatch and catch much more large size fishes, and the catch per net is proportional to filtering area of net. Therefore the Fisheries Resource Management Act (the clause 1, article 10) on the amount of usage for offshore drift gill net need to be considered not only length of a net but also net height.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07e
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• pp.2419-2422
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• 2003

To improve performance of sentence speech recognition systems, we need to consider perplexity of language model and the number of words of dictionary for increasing vocabulary size. In this paper, we propose a language model of VCCV units for sentence speech recognition. For this, we choose VCCV units as a processing units of language model and compare it with clauses and morphemes. Clauses and morphemes have many vocabulary and high perplexity. But VCCV units have small lexicon size and limited vocabulary. An advantage of VCCV units is low perplexity. This paper made language model using bigram about given text. We calculated perplexity of each language processing unit. The perplexity of VCCV units is lower than morpheme and clause.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.249-258
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• 2007

This paper presents an implementation of a gramar of Dynamic Syntax for Japanese. Dynamic Syntax is a grammar formalism which enables a parser to process a sentence in an incremental fashion, establishing the semantic representation. Currently the application of lexical rules and transition rules in Dynamic Syntax is carried out arbitrarily and this leads to inefficient parsing. This paper provides an algorithm of rule application and partitioned parsing state for efficient parsing with special reference to processing Japanese, which is one of head-final languages. At the present stage the parser is still small but can parse scrambled sentences, relative clause constructions, and embedded clauses. The parser is written in Prolog and this paper shows that the parser can process null arguments in a complex sentence in Japanese.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.1245-1261
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to show the internal structure of the socalled sentential subject constructions in English. The constructions that we examine in this paper are such as It seems that John failed in the syntax exam vs. *That John failed in the syntax exam seems and It really stinks that the Giants lost the World Series vs. That the Giants lost the World Series really stinks. As seen above, the English verb seem does not tolerate the sentential subject. This is in sharp contrast to other English verbs such as suck, blow, bite, and stink, which do allow the sentential subject. There are several issues regarding these constructions. First, where is the sentential subject located? Second, is the sentential subject assigned structural Case? Third, is the sentential subject extraposed or does it remain in its base-generated complement position? Fourth, is the sentential subject a base-generated topic in the specifier position of CP, as Arlenga (2005) claims? In this paper, we argue that sentential subjects are base-generated in the specifier of the verbal phrase in case of stink-type verbs, while they are licensed as a complement to verbs like seem. We also argue that a sentential subject can be raised in the seem-type verbal constructions, if it were part of the complement small clause.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.520-527
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• 2011

This study was conducted to develop a novel salad dressing composite recipe of natural seasoning containing the dried sea tangle($Laminaria$ $japonica$) that has a high preference. Sea tangle($Laminaria$ $japonica$) is included in the vitamins and minerals, magnesium, calcium, iodine, iron content, such as high, and contained in Sea tangle alginate is not a small conference known as dietary fiber. To manufacture salad dressing with sea tangle, dressing with 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% added sea tangle were prepared and tested for quality. The pH tended to increase with the increased sea tangle in addition but in contrast, acidity showed. The 'L' color decreased with added sea tangle, whereas the 'a' and 'b' values increased. Brix measurements increase with added sea tangle. The strength texture results, 0% was the highest, lowest 9%. Bitterness and chewiness texture results, 9% was the highest, lowest 0%. According to the sensory test results, in the topic overall quality 3% was by 3.76 point the highest. But, during total nine clause, in clause six, by 6% was the highest.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.23-35
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• 2013

Purpose - This paper attempts to identify the problems and limitations of a market maintenance project conducted according to the 「Special Act for the Development of Traditional Markets and Shopping Street」 and to present a revised direction for the special law and lay the groundwork for market maintenance projects to be promoted smoothly. Research design, data, and methodology - The revised direction for the legislation and the proposal were written based on an investigation of the problems and the legal system, and proposed measures for market maintenance operation and system improvements to derive the improvements needed for market maintenance projects. Results - A market maintenance project has been conducted as a means to reinvigorate traditional markets that are economically depressed, and to revive the local economy. It was largely conducted in the form of reconstruction and redevelopment and represents the interests of landowners and merchants. Thus, it is most likely to contribute to the gradual disappearance of traditional markets. First, as part of a market maintenance project, many companies are building multipurpose buildings or high-rise residential buildings to increase profits. In these high-rise buildings, they can raise rents, which may not be affordable for some existing small businesses. To solve such problems, the large-scale store registration requirement needs to be relaxed or abolished once the market maintenance project is completed. If the large-scale store registration requirement is to be abolished, the term 'large retail store' should be changed in the 「Special Act for the Development of Traditional Markets and Shopping Street」. After registration, the Small and Medium Business Administration should train merchants, offer consultations, and support events, to the extent that the existing traditional market management modernization project permits, and further continue to manage and support its ongoing activities. However, unless large-scale store registration is abolished, adding an exception clause in the special law to relax large-scale store registration criteria, and permitting changes to building use is another option. At the end of a market maintenance project, empty stores should be purchased by the Small and Medium Business Administration, and local government, etc., at the actual construction cost, to utilize them as public rental shopping areas, which in turn may be re-utilized as a temporary market for another market maintenance project. The second problem in market maintenance projects is merchant-protection. Currently, the special law prescribes that a temporary market be created for merchants to conduct business during the rental period of a market maintenance project. Conclusions - In reality, a market maintenance project is conducted usually in big metropolitan cities with 500,000 residents or more. The main building type created under these projects is a multipurpose building. For this reason, it is very difficult to secure a location for a temporary market in the surrounding area of such a project. To solve this problem, this study suggests 'public rental shopping areas' as mentioned above.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.49-73
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• 2012

India is a gigantic market with a population of 1.2 billion and an economy that is growing at the second-fastest pace in the world. The volume of trade between India and Korea has been sharply increased with the increase of dispute since 2000. Although avoidance of disputes is always a priority, it is also important to prepare methods of dispute resolution which are efficient and economical. So, understanding of Indian dispute resolution system is a necessary requirement for successful business operation with Indian companies. This article analyzed and compared with the various ways of Indian ADR such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, Lok Adalat and arbitration in order to help the Korean traders who enter into business with the Indian companies to settle their disputes efficiently. In conclusion, this article suggests the following ways to overcome problems of dispute with Indian companies: First, the Korean companies should recognize the characteristics of Indian ADR Ways respectively. Second, the Korean companies should utilize the conciliation or the mediation in small claim but arbitration in large claim. Third, Write a contract and insert the KCAB's standard arbitration clause in their contract.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2019

As 4th industrial revolution era has come, autonomous driving vehiecle gets its attention for commercialization and development and thus its impact on society. To this end, several countries such as US, England and Germany are preparing their own legal systems to come up with commercialization of autonomous driving vehiecle. In this country, Korea is also developing autonomous driving vehiecle and looking forward its commercialization yet the legal system of Korea lacks of laws, regulations, rules, guidelines and so on. Hence, it is our intention to look into Korean legal system providing the analysis of current Korean legal system in detail. This paper also provides further directions to have balance between commercialization success and risk management in this country and, as a result creates a small step toward 4th industrial revolution society.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.75-98
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• 2013

This study aimed to identify the problems of toy libraries by investigating and analyzing the identity and administration of toy library and so to propose the approaches to improve the legal and administrative status of toy library. In accordance with the analysis, only 9.8%(5) of 51 toy libraries in Korea was established on the basis of the Libraries Act. Most toy libraries were established and operated without any basis on legal institutions or toy library ordinances of local authorities(45%). The purposes of establishment were different from the identity of toy library specified in the provisions of Clause 1, 2 and 3, Article 2, Libraries Act, as 82.4% of toy libraries was established for rental of toys, providing game data and cultural activity service and distributing game programs. For the legal registration standards based on the Libraries Act, it was found that 96.1% exceeded the floorage requirements, 92.3% exceeded the seating requirement and 45.1% exceeded the collection requirement on the basis of the small libraries. Only 13.7% employed the librarians. Next, most toy libraries secured just 70% of the required budget. In conclusion, this study proposed the local authorities to establish the ordinances related to toy library on the basis of the Libraries Act. Next, it was also proposed for the toy libraries to register themselves in accordance with the Libraries Act for securing the legal status. Finally, the local authorities need to rationalize and support the budgets for rationalizing the administration of toy libraries.