• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.134-139
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• 2021

This paper discusses the types and functions of English subordinate clauses, whether English subordinate clauses (SC) are headed by a Complementizer (CP) or headed by a lexical (but not functional) Preposition (PP). Furthermore, unlike the standard classification, the current paper provides a finer-grained analysis and classification of English SCs. The traditional or prescriptive view on the functions of English SCs includes Noun SC such as complement clauses, Adjectival SC including relative clauses, and Adverbial SCs that cover a garden variety of subordinators. Added to the existing classification of subordination in English is what I notate as Verbless subordinate clause (V-less SC). Of these 4 different types of subordinate clauses with different functions, properties, and distributions, Subjectless Verbless subordinate clause is further divided into Smallest small clause (SSC) which accounts for English subordination mechanism more uniformly and consistently with respect to their clausal architecture, especially when the subordinate clause is neither PP nor CP.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1149-1157
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• 2017

The satisfiability problem is always a core problem in artificial intelligence (AI). And how to improve the efficiency of algorithms solving the satisfiability problem is widely concerned. Algorithm IER (Improved Extension Rule) is based on extension rule. The number of atoms and the number of clauses affect the efficiency of the algorithm IER. DPLL rules are helpful to reduce these numbers. Then a complete algorithm CIER based on splitting rule and extension rule is proposed in this paper in order to improve the efficiency. At first, the algorithm CIER (Complete Improved Extension Rule) reduces the scale of a clause set with DPLL rules. Then, the clause set is split into a group of small clause sets. In the end, the satisfiability of the clause set is got from these small clause sets'. A strategy MOAMD (maximum occurrences and maximum difference) for the algorithm CIER is given. With this strategy, a better arrangement of atoms could be got. This arrangement could make the number of small clause sets fewer and the scale of these sets smaller. So, the algorithm CIER will be more efficient.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.1
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• pp.141-163
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• 1999

Im Rahmen der Prinzipien und Parametertheorie ist die $koh\"{a}rente$ Konstruktion umstritten in bezug auf die Frage, ob sie yon der satzwertigen, $inkoh\"{a}renten$ Konstruktion(i.e. Small Clause) herleitbar ist oder nicht. Die derivationellen Analysen wie Evakuierungsanalyse, Verbanhebungsanalyse und Reanalyse gehen von der Annahme aus, $da{\ss}\;die\;koh\"{a}rente$ Konstruktion eine von der $inkoh\"{a}renten$ Konstruktion derivierte Variation ist. Im Gegensatz dazu ist nach der Unifikationsanalyse die $koh\"{a}rente$ Konstruktion die basisgenerierte monosententiale Konstruktion. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die empirische und theoretische $Unad\"{a}quatheit$ der derivationellen Analysen zu zeigen. Wenn die derivationellen Analysen korrekt $w\"{a}ren,\;mu{\ss}te$ auch nach der Derivaton beim langen Passiv das Akkusativkomplement der Infinitivkonstruktion ohne Kasuskonversion bleiben. Aber in der Tat wird der Nominativkasus dem Komplement der Infinitivkonstruktion zugewiesen. In der empirischen Gesichtspunkten steht das lange Passiv nicht im Einklang rnit den derivationellen Analysen. Ferner $mu{\ss}$ nach Chomskys $\"{O}konomieprinzip$ die Derivation obligatorisch sein. Aber die derivationellen Analysen, nach denen der grammatische Satz vom grammatischen Satz deriviert wird, ist nicht obligatorisch, sondern fakultativ. Sie sind theoretisch nicht $ad\"{a}quat$. In dieser Arbeit wird die Resultativkonstruktionen als weitere $koh\"{a}rente$ Konstruktion vorgeschlagen. Dabei wird die Evidenz gegen die Small Clause Struktur, die nach den derivationellen Analysen als $urspr\"{u}ngliche$ Struktur der koharenten Konstruktion angenommen wurde, zweierlei wie folgt gezeigt: Skopus und Idiomatisierung. Wenn die Resultativkonstruktionen als Small Clause analysiert werden, kann ein Adverb innerhalb des Small Clause auftreten, das den weiten Skopus $\"{u}ber$ den Gesamtsatz hat. Aber unter der Small Clause Analyse kann $tats\"{a}chlich$ das Adverb wegen der K-Kommandobedingung keinen weiten Skopus. D.h. das Adverb kann das finite Verb nicht k-kommandieren. Idiomatisierung bildet vor der Transformation im Lexikon eine syntaktische Einheit. In der Resultativkonstruktion, die das $inh\"{a}rente$ Reflexivum enthalt, $k\"{o}nnen\;das\;Resultativpr\"{a}dikat$ und das Verb wie ein reflexives Verb analysiert werden. Aber unter der Small Clause Analyse ist Idiomatisierung des $Resultativpr\"{a}dikats\;und\;Verbs\;nicht\;m\"{o}glich$, weil sie in der D-Struktur keine syntaktische Einheit bilden.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.123-134
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• 2002

This paper compares secondary predication constructions such as small clause complements, resultatives, and depictives in English and Korean. It argues that these two typologically different languages employ different modes of satisfying the Case Filter with regard to the Case of the subjects of small clauses. More specifically, it is argued that the subject of a small clause in English is Accusative Case-marked by the higher governing verb, while that ul ]Korean is Nominative Case-marked by default.

• Russian Language and Literature
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• no.61
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• pp.89-112
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• 2018

This paper deals with pronoun doubling construction commonly attested in Colloquial Russian. The doubling phenomena in general are observed among various languages and in various levels of language. The Russian pronoun doubling construction is composed of a lexical noun, whether argument or adjunct, that is attracted to a sentence initial position with a pronoun copy immediately following it. The pronominal copy bears the identical case. From the semantic side, the fronted noun-pronoun phrase forms a topic, and often elicits the reading of predicate with permanent property. After Sirotinina(1974)'s observation, such aspectual restriction has been widely accepted in the scholarship, and was reinterpreted by McKoy (1998, 2003) as the distinction Individual-level vs. Stage-level predicates in terms of Milsark (1974) and Carlson (1977). I argue that such an aspectual interpretation or restriction is not derived from at the construction level, but is epiphenomenal to the small clause, which lies at the bottom of derivation. And I propose that the small-clause based structure is derived by the Generic Topic Operator, which is base generated at Spec, TP. With these two theoretical apparatuses, idiosyncratic properties both in syntax and semantics of the construction can be effectively accounted for.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 1998.02a
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

• Language and Information
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.97-111
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• 1999

This paper examines Case alternation within DP. Four previous accounts dealing with Case alternation within DP will be critically examined. We conclude that a phenomenon looking like Case alternation within Korean DPs is not an instance of Case alternation. We argue that the genitive subject within such DPs is actually in the Spec position of a Small Clause, which involves a verb movement into what is now called vP. From a cross-linguistic point of view, this analysis supports Harley & Noyer's(1997) argument that Gerunds are instances of Small Clauses.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.157-184
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• 2004

Dispute plays a key role in maintaining the desirable trading performance. There are many problems such as problems of enforcement of arbitral award and the uncertainty of legal system in PRC. Therefore, the Korean trading companies with Chinese companies should be more concerned with mediation. It's because mediation are more likely to be effective than arbitration and litigation to resolve disputes with chinese companies. This article investigates some differences of mediation between ROK and PRC, and suggests the following ways to resolve dispute. First, the Korean companies should utilize the mediation in small claim but arbitration in big claim. Second, Write a contract and insert mediation clause in BCC or the standard arbitration clause in KCAB. Third, the companies should be more concerned with prevention of dispute than dispute resolution. In conclusion, to expand mediation system into an effective dispute resolution system, The Korean Dispute Resolution Center should be established.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.836-839
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• 2003

In this paper, we implement a language model by a bigram and evaluate proper smoothing technique for unit of low perplexity. Word, morpheme, clause units are widely used as a language processing unit of the language model. We propose VCCV units which have more small vocabulary than morpheme and clauses units. We compare the VCCV units with the clause and the morpheme units using the perplexity. The most common metric for evaluating a language model is the probability that the model assigns the derivative measures of perplexity. Smoothing used to estimate probabilities when there are insufficient data to estimate probabilities accurately. In this paper, we constructed the N-grams of the VCCV units with low perplexity and tested the language model using Katz, Witten-Bell, absolute, modified Kneser-Ney smoothing and so on. In the experiment results, the modified Kneser-Ney smoothing is tested proper smoothing technique for VCCV units.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.91-110
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• 2018

Consumers repeatedly make small sum purchases through business-to-consumer contracts, usually without incident. Consumer areas have been increasing; therefore, consumer disputes have been occurring frequently as well. In international consumer transactions, it is not easy to solve consumer disputes by applying the laws of different countries. Resolving disputes by using the consumer arbitration system can be a measure to protect consumers. In the U.S., a class arbitration is being operated as a mixed dispute resolution system of class action and arbitration. Consumer Arbitration has long been a controversial issue in the U.S. It is therefore a lesson for us to examine related cases. A recent U.S. Supreme Court decision, DIRECTV v. Imburgia, was looked into and after a summary of the facts, issues, and opinions and opposing opinions that had a tight controversy, a close analysis was done. The analysis through this judgment is as follows: first, the contraction of consumer protection; second, the expansion of the Federal Arbitration Act scope; third, the class arbitration's restriction; and fourth, the submission of the arbitration fairness act.