• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2013

The strain-induced phase transformation from austenite to martensite is responsible for the high strength and ductility of TRIP steels. However high strength steels are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrogen on the behavior of hydrogen delayed fracture in TRIP steel with hydrogen charging conditions. The electrochemical hydrogen charging was conducted at each specimen with varying current density and charging time. The relationship between hydrogen concentration and mechanical properties of TRIP steel was established by SP test and SEM fractography. The maximum loads and displacements of the TRIP steel in SP test decreased with increasing hydrogen charging time. The results of SEM fractography investigation revealed typical brittle mode of failure. Thus it was concluded that hydrogen delayed fracture in TRIP steel result from the diffusion of hydrogen through the ${\alpha}$' phase.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.56-67
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• 1989

In this study, the possibility of evaluating the peculiar fracture strength of weldment in high strength steels was investigated by means of a small punch(SP) test. In order to obtain the ductile-brittle transition temperature(DBTT) of SP energy by which the fracture strength of weldment in structural steels such as SS41 and SM53B steels had been evaluated in our preceding publication, the effects of notches and loading rates on SP energy were discussed. It was found that the correspondence of SP energy to critical COD at test temperature -196.deg. C showed a linear relation with some deviation. The empirical correlation with scatter band, Esp/(Esp)p = 1.67[.delta./(.delta./sub c//(.delta./sub c/)/sub p/]-0.55, was developed between the SP energy ratio and critical COD ratio of each weld structure compared with parent material at test temperature -196.deg. C. In addition, there did not appear to be a significant effect of test materials and specimen size etc. on the correlation.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1998

In this paper, the fracture toughness evaluation of the various microstructures such as HAZ, F.L and W.M in weldment of TMCP steel which has the softening zone owing to high heat input welding was carried out by using of the small punch(SP) test. In addition, the fracture toughness with the specimen orientation of rolled TMCP steel was investigated by means of SP test and the crack opening displacement (COD) test and then was compared with that of conventional SM50YB steel. From the results of SP test for TMCP steel, it could be seen that the SP energy transition curves of three different orientation were shifted to higher temperature side in order of S, T and L. But the {TEX}$DBTT_{SP}${/TEX} of each orientation specimen did not show a lot of differences and were quite lower than those of conventional SM50YB steel. The mechanical properties of HAZ structure in weldment of TMCP steel such as hardness, SP energy at room temperature and -196$^{\circ}C$ and the upper shelf energy of SP energy transition curve were lower than those of base metal due to softening. The {TEX}$DBTT_{SP}${/TEX} of each microstructure in weldment of TMCP steel increased in order of HAZ, F.L and W.M against base metal, but all microstructures showed a quite lower {TEX}$DBTT_{SP}${/TEX} than those of SM50YB steel.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.30-30
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• 2002

It has been reported that the creep characteristics on weldment which is composed of weld metal(W.M), fusion line(F.L), heat-affected zone(HAZ), and base meta(B.M) could be unpredictably changed in severe service conditions such as high temperature and high pressure. However, the studies done on creep damage in power plant components have been mostly conducted on B.M and not the creep properties of the localized microstructures in weldment have been thoroughly investigated yet. In this paper, it is investigated the creep characteristics for three microstructures like coarse-grain HAZ(CGHAZ), W.M, and B.M in X20CrMoV121 steel weldment by the small punch-creep-(SP-Creep) test using miniaturized specimen(l0×10×0.5mm). The W.M microstructure possesses the higher creep resistance and shows lower creep strain rate than the B.M and CGHAZ. In the lower creep load the highest creep strain rate is exhibited in CGHAZ, whereas in the higher creep load the B.M represents the high creep strain rate. The power law correlation for all microstructures exists between creep rate and creep load at 600℃. The values of creep load index (n) based on creep strain rate for B.M, CGHAZ, and W.M are 7.54, 4.23, and 5.06, respectively and CGHAZ which shows coarse grains owing to high welding heat has the lowest creep loade index. In all creep loads, the creep life for W.M shows the highest value.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.754-761
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• 2002

It has been reported that the creep characteristics on weldment which is composed of weld metal(W.M), fusion line(F.L), heat-affected zone(HAZ), and base meta(B.M) could be unpredictably changed in severe service conditions such as high temperature and high pressure. However, the studies done on creep damage in power plant components have been mostly conducted on B.M and not the creep properties of the localized microstructures in weldment have been thoroughly investigated yet. In this paper, it is investigated the creep characteristics for three microstructures like coarse-grain HAZ(CGHAZ), W.M, and B.M in X20CrMoV121 steel weldment by the small punch-creep-(SP-Creep) test using miniaturized specimen($10{\times}10{\times}0.5mm$). The W.M microstructure possesses the higher creep resistance and shows lower creep strain rate than the B.M and CGHAZ. In the lower creep load the highest creep strain rate is exhibited in CGHAZ, whereas in the higher creep load the B.M represents the high creep strain rate. The power law correlation for all microstructures exists between creep rate and creep load at $600^{\circ}C$. The values of creep load index (n) based on creep strain rate for B.M, CGHAZ, and W.M are 7.54, 4.23, and 5.06, respectively and CGHAZ which shows coarse grains owing to high welding heat has the lowest creep loade index. In all creep loads, the creep life for W.M shows the highest value.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2002

본 연구는 Cr-Mo-V강의 다양한 분극특성들을 이용하여 비파괴적으로 재질열화를 평가하는 전기화학적 기법에 대해서 서술한 것이다. 사용된 전기화학적 기법은 스테인레스강의 열 이력에 의해 주로 야기되는 강화원소 결핍 영역에서의 예민화 그리고 부식속도를 평가하기 위해 널리 사용되는 양극분극 시험법이다. 재질열화 평가는 $10{\times}10{\times}0.5mm$ 크기의 시험편을 사용하는 미소역학 시험법으로 잘 알려진 SP시험에 의해 수행되었다. $630^{\circ}C$에서 1,000hrs 시효된 재료가 가장 높은 재질 열화도 ${\Delta}[DBTT]_{SP}$을 보였으나, 2,000hrs 그리고, 3,000hrs 시효된 재료는 시효 시간이 증가함에 따라 ${\Delta}[DBTT]_{SP}$의 감소를 보였다. 전류밀도의 차 $({\Delta}I_{FP},\;{\Delta}I_{SP})$가 1,000hrs 시효시간까지는 증가하였고, 그 이후의 시효시간에서는 시효시간의 증가와 더불어 감소됨이 관찰되었다. 이 같은 결과는 시효재료에 대한 경도의 거동과 일치하였다. 덧붙여, ${\Delta}[DBTT]_{sp}$는 ${\Delta}I_{FP}$ 및 ${\Delta}I_{SP}$와 같은 전기화학적 분극특성들과 좋은 상관관계를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.180-185
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• 2001

In the life assessment for plant structural component, the research on deterioration of toughness and material properties occurred in weldments has been considered as very important problems. In general, the microstructures composed in weldments are hugely classified with weld metal(W.M), fusion line(F.L), heat affected zone(HAZ), and base metal(B.M). It has been reported that the creep characteristics on weldments having variable microstructures could be unpredictably changed. Furthermore, it is also known that HAZ adjacent to F.L exhibits the decreased creep strength compared to those in base or weld metals, and promotes the occurrence of Type III and Type IV cracking due to the growth of grains and the coarsening carbides precipitated in ferritic matrix by welding and PWHT processes. However, the lots of works reported up to date on creep damage in power plant components have been mostly conducted on B.M and the creep properties on a localized microstructures in weldments have not as yet been throughly investigated. In this paper, for various microstructures such as coarse grain HAZ(CGHAZ), W.M and B.M in X20CrMoV121 steel weldment, the small punch-creep(SP-Creep) test using miniaturized specimen(t=0.5mm, 0.25mm) is performed to investigate a possibility for creep characteristics evaluation.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1064-1072
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• 2001

It is very important to evaluate material degradation like temper and carbide embrittlements to secure the reliable and efficient operational conditions and to prevent brittle failure in service. The extent of material deterioration can be accurately evaluated by mechanical test such as impact test or creep test. But it is almost impossible to sample a large specimen from in-service plants. Thus, the material degradation evaluation by a non-destructive method is earnestly required. Recently the non-destructive test technique which uses the grain boundary etching characteristics owing to the variation of material structures has been proposed. However the program for material degradation evaluation using the grain boundary etching method(GEM) in Windows 98 domain doesnt be developed now. The aims of this paper are to develop the program and to complete the new master curve equations for the evaluation of material degradation on in-serviced high temperature components.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2002

For the development of a new creep test technique, the availability of SP-Creep test is discussed for 1Cr-0.5Mo boiler header material. And some results are also compared with those of 2.25Cr- 1Mo steel which widely uses as boiler superheater tube. The results can be summarized as follows. The load exponents(n) obtained by SP-Creep test for 1Cr-0.5Mo steel are decreased with increasing creep temperature and the values are 15.67, 13.89, and 17.13 at 550$^{circ}C$ ,575$^{circ}C$ and 600$^{circ}C$, respectively. The temperature dependence of the load exponent is given by n = 107.19 - 0.1108T. This reason that load exponents show the extensive range of 10∼16 is attributed to the fine carbide such as M$_{23}$C$_{6}$ in lath tempered martensitic structures. At the same creep condition, the secondary creep rate of 1Cr-0.5Mo steel is lower than the 2.25Cr-1Mo steel1 due to the strengthening microstructure composed by normalizing and tempering treatments. Through a SEM observation, it can be summarized that the primary, secondary, and tertiary creep regions of SP-Creep specimen are corresponding to plastic bending, plastic membrane stretching, and plastic instability regions among the deformation behavior of four steps in SP test, respectively.y.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.411-419
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• 1999

에너지 변환설비와 관련된 기계구조물의 내열재료는 $350^{\circ}C{\sim}550^{\circ}C$의 온도범위에서 장시간 사용되는데 이때 조직의 결정입계에는 불순물 원소(P, Sn, Sb등)의 편석과 탄화물의 석출 등으로 인하여 재료의 취화 현상이 발생되고, 그로 인해 입계강도의 저하가 초래된다. 따라서 노후화된 고온설비의 안전성 및 효율적인 운전조건을 확보하고, 취성파괴 방지를 위해서는 취화손상의 정량적 평가는 매우 중요하다. 그러나 가동중인 고온설비에서 파괴시험을 위한 대량의 시험편채취가 거의 불가능한 경우가 대부분이므로 비파괴적인 시험방법이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 인공시효열처리된 2.25Cr-1Mo강의 비파괴적인 취화손상도 평가를 위해 적정 부식환경하에서 전기화학적 분극시험 방법에 의한 최적의 평가인자를 조사하였다. 또한 전기화학 시험결과들은 준비파괴시험인 SP시험에 의한 취화도 평가결과와 비교되었다.