• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.344-350
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• 2011

Friction and wear behavior of tungsten oxide nanorods (TONs) was investigated using friction force microscopy(FFM) employing colloidal probes instead of conventional sharp tips. Vertically well-ordered TONs with 40 nm diameter, 130 nm length and 100 nm pitch width were synthesized on an anodic aluminium oxide substrate using two step electrochemical anodizing processes. The colloidal probe (diameter 20 ${\mu}m$) attached at the free end of tipless cantilever was oscillated(scanned) against a stationary surface of vertically aligned TONs with various scan speeds (1.2 ${\mu}m/s$, 3.0 ${\mu}m/s$ and 6.0 ${\mu}m/s$) and sliding cycles (100, 200 and 400) under normal load of 800 nN. The friction force and wear depth decreased with the increase of the scan speed. Plastically deformed thin layers were formed and sparsely deposited on the worn nonorod surface. The lower wear rate of the TONs with the longer oscillating cycles was attributed to the decreased real contact pressure due to the increase of real contact area between the colloidal probe and the TONs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.31-32
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• 2001

Recently, many of the current development in surface modification engineering are focused on multilayered coatings. Multilayered coatings have the potential to improve the tribological and corrosion properties of tools and components. By using cathodic arc deposition, $WC-Ti_{1-x}Al_xN$ multilayers were deposited on steel substrates. Wear tests of four multiplayer coatings were performed using a ball-on-disc configuration with a linear sliding speed of 0.1m/s, 5N load. The tests were carried out at room temperature in airby employing AISI 52100 steel ball ($H_v=848N$) of 11mm in diameter. Electrochemical tests were performed using the potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The surface morphology and topography of the wear scars of tribo-element and the corroded specimen have been determined by using scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM). Also, wear mechanism was determined by using SEM coupled with EDS. Results have showed an improved wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the $WC-Ti_{1-x}Al_xN$ coatings.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 2022

The structure and properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coatings depend on the main process parameters and bending angles of the magnetic field filter used in the filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA). During the process, it is possible to effectively control the plasma flux of carbon ions incident on the substrate by controlling the arc discharge current, thereby influencing the mechanical properties of the coating film. Furthermore, we can control the size and amount of large particles mixed during carbon film formation while conforming with the bending angle of the mechanical filter mounted on the FCVA; therefore, it also influences the mechanical properties. In this study, we consider tribological characteristics for filtered bending angles of 45° and 90° as a function of arc discharge currents of 60 and 100 A, respectively. Experiment results indicate that the frictional behavior of the ta-C coating film is independent of the bending angle of the filter. However, its sliding wear behavior significantly changes according to the bending angle of the FCVA filter, unlike the effect of the discharge current. Further, upon changing the bending angle from 45° to 90°, abrasive wear gets accelerated, thereby changing the size and mixing amount of macro particles inside the coating film.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.351-356
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• 2008

Thermally sprayed tungsten carbide-based powder coatings are being widely used for a variety of wear resistance applications. The coating deposited by high velocity processes such as high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is known to provide improved wear resistant property. In this study, optimal coating process (OCP) is obtained by the study of coating properties such as surface hardness, porosity, surface roughness and microstructure of 9 coatings prepared by Taguchi program for 3 levels of four spray parameters. The Friction and wear behaviors of HVOF WC-CoCr coating prepared by OCP, electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) plating and Inconel718 (In718) are investigated by reciprocating sliding wear test at $25^{\circ}C$, $450^{\circ}C$. Friction coefficients (FC) of all of the 3 samples are decreased as increasing sliding surface temperature from $25^{\circ}C$ to $450^{\circ}C$. FC of WC-CoCr decreases as increasing the surface temperature from $0.33{\pm}0.02$ at $25^{\circ}C$ to $0.26{\pm}0.02$ at $450^{\circ}C$, showing the lowest FC among the 3 samples. Wear trace (WT) and wear depth (WD) of WC-CoCr are smaller than those of EHC and In718 both at $25^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$. These show that WC-CoCr is highly recommendable for protective coating on In718 and other metal components.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.91-96
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• 1998

In recent years, the tribological behavior of coated ceramic material has been the topic of much interest. Particularly, the understanding of the tribological performance of thin film under light load is important for potential applications in MEMS. In this work under light load and low speed, the tribological behavior of coated silicon was investigated. The results show that both adhesive and abrasive wear occur depending on the sliding condition. Also the effect of humidity on friction was influenced by the apparent ares of contact between the two surfaces. Finally, undulations on the silicon wafer were found to be effective in trapping wear particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2012

Recently, surface modification technology is of importance to improve the wear resistance and the corrosive resistance for high accurate mechanical parts such as LM guide, Ball Screw and Roller Bearing etc., Those has generally featured on rolling contact mechanism to improve not only the wear and the friction, but also the accuracy and the corrosion performances. For surface modifications of high accurate mechanical parts, normally thermal spray, PVD, CVD and E.P. processes have been used with many materials such as DLC, raydent, W, Ni, Ti etc. Diamondlike carbon (DLC) films possess a combination of attractive properties and have been largely employed to modify the tribological behaviors such as friction, wear, corrosion, fretting fatigue, biocompatibility, etc. However, for rolling contact mechanism mechanical parts DLC films are needed to study for commercial benefit. Rolling contact mechanism has features on effects of cyclic motions and stresses, and also not simply sliding motions. The papers focused on the performance test of wear and corrosive resistance according to Me-DLC film thickness. And also, its thickness effect of wear analysis was carried out through the simulation of the maximum shear stress under the rolling contact surface. As the results, Me-DLC films have more potential to improve the wear resistance for high precision mechanical parts than raydent films.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.469-474
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• 2014

The high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10) is designed to produce electricity and hydrogen. Graphite is used as reflector, support structures, and a moderator in reactor core; it has good resistance to neutron and is a suitable material at high temperatures. Friction is generated in the graphite structures for the core reflector, support structures, and moderator because of vibration from the HTR-10 fuel cycle flow. In this study, the wear characteristics of the isotropic graphite IG-110 used in HTR-10 were evaluated. The reciprocating wear test was carried out for graphite against graphite. The effects of changes in the contact load and sliding speeds at room temperature and $400^{\circ}C$ on the coefficient of friction and specific wear rate were evaluated. The wear behavior of graphite IG-110 was evaluated based on the wear surfaces.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.156-156
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• 2016

The effect of nitrogen doping on the mechanical and tribological performance of single-layer tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:N) coatings of up to $1{\mu}m$ in thickness was investigated using a custom-made filtered cathode vacuum arc (FCVA). The results obtained revealed that the hardness of the coatings decreased from $65{\pm}4.8GPa$ to $25{\pm}2.4GPa$ with increasing nitrogen gas ratio, which indicates that nitrogen doping occurs through substitution in the $sp^2$ phase. Subsequent AES analysis showed that the N/C ratio in the ta-C:N thick-film coatings ranged from 0.03 to 0.29 and increased with the nitrogen flow rate. Variation in the G-peak positions and I(D)/I(G) ratio exhibit a similar trend. It is concluded from these results that micron-thick ta-C:N films have the potential to be used in a wide range of functional coating applications in electronics. To achieve highly conductive and wear-resistant coatings in system components, the friction and wear performances of the coating were investigated. The tribological behavior of the coating was investigated by sliding an SUJ2 ball over the coating in a ball-on-disk tribo-meter. The experimental results revealed that doping using a high nitrogen gas flow rate improved the wear resistance of the coating, while a low flow rate of 0-10 sccm increased the coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rate through the generation of hematite (${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$) phases by tribo-chemical reaction. However, the CoF and wear rate dramatically decreased when the nitrogen flow rate was increased to 30-40 sccm, due to the nitrogen inducing phase transformation that produced a graphite-like structure in the coating. The widths of the wear track and wear scar were also observed to decrease with increasing nitrogen flow rate. Moreover, the G-peaks of the wear scar around the SUJ2 ball on the worn surface increased with increasing nitrogen doping.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.55-63
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• 2001

Friction and wear properties of brake friction materials containing different metal fibers (Al, Cu or Steel fibers) were investigated using a pad-on-disk type friction tester. Two different materials(gray iron and Al-MMC)) were used for disks rubbing against the friction materials. Results from ambient temperature tests revealed that the friction material containing Cu fibers sliding against cast iron disk showed a distinct negative ${\mu}$-ν (friction coefficient vs. sliding velocity) relation implying possible stick-slip generation at low speed. The negative ${\mu}$-ν relation was not observed when the Cu-containing friction materials were rubbed against the. Al-MMC counter surface. As applied loads increased, friction materials showed higher friction coefficients comparatively. Friction materials slid against cast iron disks exhibited higher friction coefficients than Al-MMC disks during high temperature tests. On the other hand, high temperature test results suggested that copper fibers in the friction material improved fade resistance and the steel fibers were not compatible with Al-MMC disks showing severe material transfer and erratic friction behavior during sliding at elevated temperatures.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.261-266
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• 2022

Notably, laser surface patterning facilitates tribological applications under lubricated sliding contacts. Consequently, a special pattern that can reduce the coefficient of friction under contact is considered necessary for improved machine efficiency. However, inappropriate pattern designs produce higher friction coefficients and cannot reduce friction. In this study, we use cast iron pins as specimens to investigate their friction and wear characteristics. Moreover, we experimentally investigate the correlation between the friction reduction effect and the design of groove crosshatch patterns fabricated with various angles and widths. We conduct a friction test using a pin-on-disc type tribometer under grease lubrication to study the friction reduction effect of the specimens, and we observe that the average coefficient of friction changes with the crosshatch angle and width. The experiment reveals that grooved crosshatch specimens with a crosshatch angle of 135°maximize friction reduction. The coefficient of friction of the groove specimens with a width of 120 ㎛ is lower than that of the specimens with a width of 200?. The friction reduction effect of the width of the groove is attributed to the density of the groove pattern. Thus, grooved crosshatch patterns can be designed to maximize friction reduction, and the friction property of a grooved crosshatch pattern is found to be related to its width and angle.