• 대한약리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1971

The effects of 5 different drugs (amphetamine, caffeine, serotonin, sod. salicylate and pentazocine) on the duration of action of two barbiturates (thiopental and pentobarbital) and an intravenous anesthetic (propanidid) were determined in rats. Duration of action was determined by the time elapsing between loss and return of the righting reflexes. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally except propanidid which was administered by the intravenous route. Preliminary experiments indicated that at a dose of 40 mg/kg either of the two barbiturates or propanidid produced loss of the righting reflexes without death. At this dose, however, the duration of action of propanidid was extremely short. However, this dose was selected for subsequent studies. 1. At the dose employed amphetamine shortened the sleeping time of three compounds. 2. Caffeine and theophylline shortened the sleeping time of thiopental and prolonged the duration of action of pentobarbital. 3. Serotonin had no effect on duration of action of the barbiturates but prolonged the sleeping time produced by propanidid. 4. Sod. salicylate significantly prolonged the sleeping time of the barbiturates whereas pentazocine exhibited this effect only in relation to thiopental.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권12B호
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• pp.1028-1036
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• 2006

Energy conservation is an important issue in wireless networks, especially for self-organized, low power, low data-rate impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) networks, where every node is a battery-driven device. To conserve energy, it is necessary to turn node into sleep state when no data exist. This paper addresses the energy consumption analysis of Direct-Sequence (DS) versus Time-Hopping (TH) multiple accesses and two kinds of sleeping protocols (slotted and unslotted) in PHY-MAC for Un networks. We introduce an analytical model for energy consumption or a node in both TH and DS multiple accesses and evaluate the energy consumption comparison between them and also the performance of the proposed sleeping protocols. Simulation results show that the energy consumption per packet of DS case is less than TH case and for slotted sleeping is less than that of unslotted one for bursty load case, but with respect to the load access delay unslotted one consumes less energy, that maximize node lifetime.

• 논리연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.17-53
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• 2012

잠자는 미녀 퍼즐이 등장한 지 벌써 10년이 되었는데 국내 철학자들도 이에 대해 자기 견해들을 내어놓았다. 송하석과 김남중은 미녀의 대답이 1/3이어야 한다고 주장하고 김한승은 관점에 따라 1/2과 1/3이 모두 가능하다고 주장한다. 나는 이 글에서 1/2주의를 선호할 만한 논증을 제안한다. 이를 위해 미녀가 받은 물음이 첫째 물음일 확률은 엘가가 가늠한 것보다 커야 한다는 것을 논증한다. 또한 미녀가 받은 물음이 첫째 물음이라는 것을 그에게 밝혔을 경우, 동전이 앞면이 이미 나왔을 확률이 1/2보다 큰 이유를 해명한다. 하지만 동전 던지는 시점을 미녀가 처음 깨어난 후로 바꿀 경우 오히려 1/3주의 해석이 옳다는 것을 보였다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.265-273
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the children's sleeping patterns, such as the sleeping hours and the nature of sleep disruptions following hospitalization and its accompanying factors. The data were collected from December, 1997 to March, 1998 using a questionnaire developed by researchers. The subjects were 76 children in a hospital. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The average sleeping hours (sleep duration) at night were 10 hours and 10 minutes and 9 hours and 9 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). The average sleeping hours in the day time were 1 hour 28 minutes and 2 hours and 26 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). 2. The mean bed time(sleep onset) was 10: 22 pm and 10 : 28 pm before and after hospitalization respectively. There was no significant difference. 3. The mean hour of rising(sleep termination) was 7: 54 am 7 : 08 am before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). 4. The mean number of sleep disruption was 0.72 and 1.94 before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). The sleep disruptions were influenced by crying of other children(53.9%), lights(28.9), nursing procedures(18.4%), noise of TV(17.l%) and noise of visitors (15.8%).

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2010

Purpose: This study determined the effect of head and neck massage on anxiety, pain, and discomfort for hysterectomy patients. Methods: Subjects consisted of 48 hysterectomy patients at K hospital. Experimental group (n=23) received head and neck massage at 8 minutes per massage for five times: (at admission, before sleeping on preoperative day, at 4 hours after operation, before sleeping on operation day, before sleeping on the first postoperative day). Control group (n=25) received conventional treatment. As an effectiveness of this intervention, state of anxiety and BP was measured before sleeping on preoperative day. Pain and discomfort were measured before sleeping on the day of surgery and then on the first postoperative day. Data was analyzed descriptive statistics using $x^2$ test, Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, unpaired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison. Results: 1. State of anxiety score and BP at post-treatment decreased significantly in the experimental group. 2. Pain score in experimental group was lower than that in control group, with no significant difference; whereas, 3. Discomfort level decreased significantly in the experimental group. Conclusion: Results indicate that head and neck massage could be an effective intervention for reducing preoperative anxiety and postoperative discomfort in hysterectomy patients.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.149-151
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• 1983

Prednisolone acetate was administered in deers sedated with xylazine hydrochloride. Sleeping time in deers given prednisolone after xylazine sedation was shortened a little in Red deers, approximately one half in Elk and Sika deers comparing with deers sedated with xylazine alone. It was proved that prednisolone acetate shortened the recovery time of deers sedated with xylazine hydrochloride.

• Mycobiology
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.265-267
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• 2012

Sleeping blight was observed on soybean plants grown in Yanggu, Suwon and Geumsan from 2005 to 2011. Symptoms developed on stems and pods of affected soybean plants. Five fungal isolates were obtained from the diseased plants and identified as Septogloeum sojae based on their morphological, cultural and molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity of the fungus was confirmed on soybean plants by artificial inoculation. This is the first report of S. sojae causing sleeping blight in soybean plants in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2017

Angelicae Gigantis Radix (AGR, Angelica gigas) has been used for a long time as a traditional folk medicine in Korea and oriental countries. Decursinol angelate (DCA) is structurally isomeric decursin, one of the major components of AGR. This study was performed to confirm whether DCA augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors via the activation of $GABA_A$-ergic systems in animals. Oral administration of DCA (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) markedly suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity. DCA also prolonged sleeping time, and decreased the sleep latency by pentobarbital (42 mg/kg), in a dose-dependent manner, similar to muscimol, both at the hypnotic (42 mg/kg) and sub-hypnotic (28 mg/kg) dosages. Especially, DCA increased the number of sleeping animals in the sub-hypnotic dosage. DCA (50 mg/kg, p.o.) itself modulated sleep architectures; DCA reduced the counts of sleep/wake cycles. At the same time, DCA increased total sleep time, but not non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In the molecular experiments. DCA (0.001, 0.01 and $0.1{\mu}g/ml$) increased intracellular Cl- influx level in hypothalamic primary cultured neuronal cells of rats. In addition, DCA increased the protein expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase ($GAD_{65/67}$) and $GABA_A$ receptors subtypes. Taken together, these results suggest that DCA potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through the activation of $GABA_A$-ergic systems, and can be useful in the treatment of insomnia.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2013

본 연구는 대학생의 스트레스가 수면장애에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 광주 전남에 소재한 대학생 342명을 최종분석 대상으로 편의표본추출에 의해 시행되었다. 수면장애는 가족과 떨어져 자취하는 대학생이 많았고(p=0.042), 주거 환경에서 발생하는 소음 역시 수면장애와 연관성이 높았다(p=0.002). 또한, 대학생들이 학교생활에서 만족을 갖지 못하는 경우(p=0.007), 건강이 보통 이하 정도로 불량할 경우 수면장애가 많았다(p=0.010). 생활 스트레스 역시 수면장애와 관련이 있었고(p=0.004), 장래문제와 관련된 스트레스(p=0.002), 가치관과 관련된 스트레스가 유의한 관련이 있었다(p=0.001). 자취생활, 주거 소음, 학교생활의 불만족, 불량한 건강, 생활 스트레스, 특히 장래 문제 및 가치관과 관련된 스트레스가 수면장애와 관련이 있었다. 따라서, 대학생의 수면장애를 유발하는 스트레스에 대해 다양한 요인과의 분석을 통한 연구가 추가로 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.74-83
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• 1994

To investigate the sleeping patterns and gastrointestinal disorders of shift workers, the author studied 434 female workers who worked at textile industry ill Taejon city from September 1,1992 to September 31,1992. Shift pattern were divided into 3 categories ; 3 shift(shifts per 8 hours), 2 shift(day and night shift) and day work. The results obtained were as follows : 1 The average sleeping hours when adjusted for the education level of the total study subjects was 6.1 hours. That of 3 shift workers was 6.1 hours, 2 shift workers was 6.0 hours, but that of day workers was 6.5 hours. There were no significant difference among the shift workers. 2. For the 3 shift workers, the average physiologic adjusted duration in day shift (2.2 days) was shorter than that of night shift(2.7 days) and there were significant difference among the rotating shift works (p<0.001). The sleeping problems in day shift was less than those of night shift (p<0.001). 3. 44.9% of 3 shift workers, 39.3% of 2 shift workers and 33.1% of day workers complained gastrointestinal symptoms when adjusted for the age, education level, job tenure, work post. And the rates of gastrointestinal symptoms complained increase with job tenures (p<0.001). 4. The most frequent gastrointestinal diseases were gastitis and gastric ulcer with 14.2% , Irritable bowel syndrome with 3.1 %, duodenitis and duodenal ulcer with 2.1% and combined gastrointestinal disease with 2.1%. Age, eating habit, amount of coffee per day, job tenure, work post and shift pattern showed no significant difference with the gastrointestinal diseases when adjusted for the age. According to the above results, the author suggested that the shift pattern and job tenure can affect to the sleeping problem and gastrointestinal symptoms.