• Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

We analyzed the demand of competent authorities requiring adequate technical information for initial investigation of chemical accidents. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. Hydrogen fluoride may have the risk potential to corrode metals and cause serious burns and eye damages. In case of inhalation or intake, it could have severe health effects. The substance itself is inflammable, but once heated, it decomposes producing corrosive and toxic fume. In case of contact with water, it can produce toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive gases and its solution, a strong acid, may react fiercely with a base. In case of hydrogen fluoride leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ground limestone, dried soil, dry sand, vermiculite, fly ash and powder cement. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or monitor nozzles by wearing the whole body protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 1,600m radius. In cae of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed using dry chemicals, CO₂, water spray, water fog, and alcohol-resistance foam, etc. The major symptoms by exposure route are dyspnoea, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema for respiration, skin laceration, dermatitis, burn, frostbite and erythema for eyes, and nausea, diarrhea, stomachache, and tissue destruction for digestive organs. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism is also low.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2015

N,N'-Diferuloyl-putrescine (DFP) present in plants such as Sophora japonica has been reported to have skin depigmentative and antioxidative activities. In this study, DFP, usually presents in nature a very little amount and its derivative (DFP-D) were synthesized in a large quantity for the use as functional cosmetical materials. The antioxidative activities of synthesized DFP and DFP-D were evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, chemiluminescence assay, and cell protective effect induced by $^1O_2$, stress. DFP and DFP-D showed DPPH radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) at $61.25{\pm}2.25{\mu}M$ and $12.92{\pm}0.72{\mu}M$, respectively. ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) in the $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system of DFP and DFP-D were 2 times ($1.84{\pm}0.12{\mu}M$) and 13 times ($0.174{\pm}0.01{\mu}M$), respectively higher than that of L-ascorbic acid. $^1O_2$, one of ROS playing a key role in the skin photo-aging, induces cellular membrane damages. DFP-D ($50{\mu}M$) showed good cell protective effects (${\tau}_{50}=80.2min$) about 2 times more than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}=43.6min$). These results suggest that the great antioxidative activities of DFP and DFP-D could be applied to cosmetic industries as functional cosmetic materials.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2018

In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative properties, cellular protective effects and component analyses of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction obtained from Lysimachia christinae Hance (L. christinae Hance). In the evaluation of antioxidative properties, the free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction were 146.8, 22.2 and $27.2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively and total antioxidant capacities ($OSC_{50}$) were 29.3, 2.9 and $4.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. Also, the cellular protective effects (${\tau}_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction on $^1O_2$ induced photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were 26.9, 57.5 and 103.9 min at $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In particular, ${\tau}_{50}$ of the aglycone fraction exhibited a higher cellular protective effect than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (37.7 min). The cell viability of the ethyl acetate fraction on the UVB-induced cell damage increased up to 90.1%. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction ($5-25{\mu}g/mL$) showed cellular protective effects on the $H_2O_2-induced$ cell damages in a dose-dependent manner. TLC, HPLC, UV-vis spectroscopy and LC-MS were used to analyse components of the ethyl acetate fraction and the main components were quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides. In conclusion, L. christinae Hance extract/fraction can function as antioxidants to protect the skin exposed to UV radiation and may also be used as a novel functional cosmetic material, for example, an antioxidant against skin photoaging.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1718-1721
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• 2008

The skin of human is constantly being exposed to environmental irritants such as ultraviolet, smoke and chemicals. These irritants cause free radicals and reactive oxygen species which leave serious damages on the cells of skin. The water and ethanol extracts of Cambodian Phellinus linteus were investigated for the activities of anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-wrinkle effects to apply as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. As the result of evaluation of liquid oxidation rate by add $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ to Cambodian Phellinus linteus extracts, Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts were higher than Cambodian Phellinus linteus water extracts in the chealting ability of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$. The Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts exhibited that anti-lipid peroxidation higher than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml. Cambodian Phellinus linteus water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibitory effect on $Fe^{2+}$-induced lipid peroxidation compared to $Cu^{2+}$-induced lipid peroxidation. In the case of anti-wrinkle effect, the elastase inhibition activity of Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts was 50.7%, and it is higher than urosolic acid at the concentration of 0.01 mg/ml. Also, in collagenase inhibition activity, Cambodian Phellinus linteus water extract showed low effect, but Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extract was about 50% at a 0.1 mg/ml. concentration. These results proved that Cambodian Phellinus linteus had anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-wrinkle effect. Therefore, Cambodian Phellinus linteus could be useful as an anti-wrinkle cosmetic ingredient.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2013

A severe defoliation by typhoon in early autumn reduces fruit quality for the current season and reserve accumulations for the next season. This study was conducted to determine the effects of foliar applications during the autumn on alleviating the damages after defoliation. Leaves of 2-year-old 'Fuyu' trees, grown in 50-L pots under a rain-shelter, were 75%-defoliated on September 9. In mid-September and early October, trees were treated either with eight foliar applications of urea or with four alternating applications of urea and $KH_2PO_4$ (urea + KP application), all at 0.5% (w/v). Trees untreated after the defoliation served as the control. The urea applications slightly increased N and P concentrations of the leaves collected on November 6, while urea + KP applications significantly increased P and K concentrations. Foliar applications did not affect fruit growth, but tended to decrease skin coloration. Fruit soluble solids increased by 1.5 and $1.0^{\circ}Brix$ for urea and urea + KP applications, respectively. There was a significant increase in dry weight of fine root for the foliar application treatments but not in those of aerial woods and larger roots. With the foliar applications, N concentration tended to increase in the permanent organs but not P and K, whereas soluble sugars and starch notably increased in shoot, trunk, or fine root regardless of the different applications. Results indicated that the foliar applications could partially help to restore fruit quality and carbohydrate accumulations in the defoliated trees.