• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2000

Various release test methods have been applied for the evaluation of nicotine release in vitro from commercial patches. However, whether and how the release data reflect the permeation of nicotine across the skin, is not fully elucidated. To predict in vivo bioavailability from in vitro release tests, correlation between in vitro release and in vitro skin permeation was assessed in the present study. Release of nicotine from three commercial patches was measured for 24 hours under nine experimental conditions which were classified depending on the apparatus (i.e., paddle over disk, cylinder and reciprocating holder) and dissolution media (i.e., phosphate buffer pH 7.4, water and the 1 % phosphoric acid pH 1.5). In vitro permeation of nicotine from the patches across the human cadaver skin was also measured using a diffusion cell. The release of nicotine was better explained by the Higuchi's equation rather than by the first order rate equation. Correlation between the release rate and the in vitro skin permeation differed among the patches. However, in general, the cylinder method, in which water is used as a dissolution medium, showed the highest correlation among the nine release test conditions.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.229-244
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• 2014

Background: Antibiotic skin test(AST) is very useful for the diagnosis of drug allergies to prevent immediate allergic reactions. Although it is a safe and widespread method, it is performed very diversely by doctors and nurses without consistency and it also differs from countries and hospitals. This study aims to evaluate the current practice of AST by nurses in Korea and to compare it to the general guidelines. Methods: During January 1, 2013 to May 20, 2013, the study was conducted as questionnaires and case-based survey. The questionnaires were given to the nurses who were randomly selected in various University Hospitals (University Hospitals N=276, and Medical center N=19). The case-based surveys were given to the nurses who were conducting AST at various wards of a University Hospital (N=130). The analysis and evaluations of the responses were carried out. Results: The response rate for the questionnaires was 97.6% and 130 cases of the actual case-based surveys were collected. There were clear differences between the survey results and the general guidelines, such as the method of skin test (skin prick test was not conducted), the method of patient selection for AST, test drugs, concentration, volume and interpretation of AST. AST conducted by nurses was highly variable and inconsistent, even among nurses who worked in the same wards and hospitals. Manufactured standard concentration antibiotic solution of AST showed consistency of concentration to a certain degree. Conclusion: Although the general guidelines have been published by several countries including Korea, these are not a great help to nurses as they lack details for conducting AST, practical consideration for nurses in the clinical setting, propagation and education. Standardized guideline for nurses should be published and it should be a safe, clear, comfortable and easily accessible protocol. Futhermore, additional antibiotic solutions to standardize skin test should be developed and manufactured. Lastly, it would be the pharmacists role to compare their hospitals antibiotic skin test methods with the standard guidelines and develop a protocol within the hospital for patients' safety, and to strive to consistently implement it.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.364-372
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• 1996

The primary skin and eye irritation test of 0.3% DA-5018 cream, a capsaicin analogue, were carried out in rabbits. As control materials, Zostrix-HP cream (0.075% capsaicin cream) and the base of 0.3% DA-5018 cream were used in the same manners. In the primary skin irritation test, the Primary Irritation Index (P.I.I.) was 1.6, 1.9 and 0.5 in groups treated with 0.3% DA-5018 cream, Zostrix-HP cream and the base of 0.3% DA-5018 cream, respectively. The irritation ratings of 0.3% DA-5018 cream and Zostrix-HP cream were mildly irritating. The base of 0.3% DA-5018 cream was evaluated as a non-irritating material. In the eye irritation test, 0.3% DA-5018 cream and Zostrix-HP cream could be considered as mildly irritating materials. But, the base of 0.3% DA-5018 cream was a non-irritating material. These results suggest that 0.3% DA-5018 cream has mildly irritating activity and its irritancy is similar to that of Zostrix-HP cream.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.591-604
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• 2008

In this study, two design examples of drilled shafts on soft ground in Ho-Chi-Minh City, Vietnam are introduced. One is for a 27-story apartment and the other is for a Arch bridge over Saigon river. Unlikely the normal cases in Korea, all of the bored pile foundations are supposed to be placed on soil layers. Therefore, skin friction between pile and ground is the most crucial design parameter. Three methods using SPT N value of sandy soil -Korean Road Bridge Code(1996), Reese and Wright (1977), and O'Neill and Reese (1988)- were adopted to obtain an ultimate axial bearing capacity. In order to verify the calculated bearing capacity, 3 sets of static load test and a Osterberg Cell test were performed at an apartment site and a bridge site respectively. LRFD (Load Resistance Factored Design) method was compared with ASD (Allowable Stress Design) method. On application of ASD method, safety factor for skin friction was adopted as 2 or 3 while safety factor for end bearing was 3. The design bearing capacities from ASD method matched well with those from LRFD method when safety factor for skin friction was adopted as 2.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 1996

LB00013, a newly developed recombinant human Interferon $\beta$, was tested for primary eye and skin irritation in male New Zealand White rabbits. In the primary eye irritation test, 0.1 ml of a solution of LB00013 was instilled into the eye. In the rinsing group, the eye was washed with water at 30 seconds after instillation. No reaction was produced at the cornea, iris and conjunctivae by LB00013. In the primary skin irritation test, LB00013 was applied to the back of rabbits for 24 hours. Primary irritation index was "0" in test and control sites of all animals. Thus LB00013 was evaluated as a non-irritant on the basis of the criteria of Draize et al. (1944).l. (1944).

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.179-182
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• 2008

As a part of a broader effort to determine the status of Paragonimus species infection in Lao PDR, an epidemiological survey was conducted on villagers and schoolchildren in Namback District between 2003 and 2005. Among 308 villagers and 633 primary and secondary schoolchildren, 156 villagers and 92 children evidenced a positive reaction on a Paragonimus skin test. Only 4 schoolchildren out of 128 skin test-positive cases had Paragonimus sp. eggs in their sputum, all of which was collected on 1 day. Several types of crabs, which were identified as the second intermediate host of the Paragonimus species, were collected from markets and streams in a paragonimiasis endemic area for the inspection of metacercariae. Among the examined crabs, only "rock crabs" (Indochinamon au) harbored Paragonimus sp. metacercariae, and it is speculated that the life cycle of Paragonimus sp. was maintained via rock crabs in Namback District, Lao PDR.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Rural multi-purpose buildings needs to ensure their safety against various disasters. Therefore, a pile foundation, which is a foundation type that can transmit the load of the structure to the bedrock layer, has been designed. The pile foundation method is largely divided into driving piles method and pre-bored pile method. Recently, in order to respond to the Noise and Vibration Control Act and related environmental complaints, construction of pile foundation adopts pre-bored pile method. The bearing capacity of the pre-bored pile method is calculated through a load test in situ. However, a disadvantage stems in that it is difficult to measure the ultimate bearing capacity due to field conditions. Therefore, in this study, the skin frictional force of pre-bored pile was measured through a model test in laboratory for each pile filling material. In result, the pile filling material with using circulating resources shows superior skin frictional force than ordinary portland cement. This study also judged that the result can be applied in place of ordinary Portland cement in the field.

• Kosin Medical Journal
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.468-476
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• 2018

Perioperative anaphylaxis, although rare, is a severe, life-threatening unexpected systemic hypersensitivity reaction. Simultaneous administration of various drugs during anesthesia, the difficulty of communicate with patients in sedation and anesthesia, and coverage of the patient with surgical drapes are considered to be factors that impede early recognition of anaphylactic reactions. It is very important to perform an intradermal skin test because antibiotics are the most common cause of perioperative anaphylaxis. We report a case of negative-intradermal skin test antibiotic anaphylaxis mistaken for local aesthetic systemic toxicity without increase of serum tryptase for confirmative diagnostic biomaker during surgery under brachial plexus block. It is not possible to exclude the danger of anaphylaxis completely, even if it is negative-intradermal skin test and normal tryptase level. Therefore, anesthesiologists should be closely monitored and treated early for antibiotics related hypersensitive reaction, like other medicines during anesthesia.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2021

Collagen hydrolysate (CH) is known to prevent skin aging by stimulating skin dermal fibroblasts to promote synthesis of extracellular matrix such as collagen and elastin. Recently, among the various factors that cause skin aging, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have received particular attention. However, the effect of CH on AGE accumulation has not been studied. Since CH could affect AGE accumulation by promoting production of skin structural proteins, clinical trial was performed using low molecule collagen peptide (LMCP), which were CH containing 25% tripeptide and 4% Gly-Pro-Hyp. Skin autofluorescence (SAF) values were measured using an AGE reader to evaluate accumulation of AGE in skin. As a result of applying 0.5% and 1.0% LMCP solutions to the subject's forearm for 8 weeks, the SAF value at the test site significantly decreased compared to the control site. Additionally, in vitro test was performed using CCD-986sk to evaluate the promotion of collagen synthesis in skin fibroblasts by LMCP. As a result, 800 ㎍/mL of LMCP significantly increased synthesis of human pro-collagen Iα1 (COL1A1) in CCD-986sk. Through this study, we have confirmed that tropical LMCP applications can promote collagen synthesis to help anti-glycation effects, suggesting that LMCP has potential as an anti-aging cosmetic material.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.269-276
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• 2017

In this study, a test was conducted to examine the effects of micro-needle therapy (MTS) and cosmetics containing spirulina on improving the skin tone, skin hydration, hyper-pigmentation, and fine lines of middle-aged women in their 40s and 50s and to propose an effective skin care method. The subjects were divided into a control group of eight people who used serum and cream mask that does not contain MTS and spirulina, and an experimental group who used serum and cream containing MTS and spirulina. The test was conducted with six 30-minute sessions for one week. The change in skin was measured over three times in the week of the test, after six weeks of the test, and two weeks after the test had finished. The result showed that after six weeks of the test, in the experimental group, the skin tone (color brightness, saturation brightness, skin brightness) and moisture showed a significant increase (p<0.05), while the number of small hyper-pigmentation and large hyper-pigmentation, as well as the length of crow's feet, melanin, erythema showed a significant reduction (p<0.05). No significant differences in fine lines under the eyes and length of crow's feet were observed. Two weeks after the test was finished, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in the length of crow's feet and melanin (p<0.05), and a significant increase in skin brightness and moisture (p<0.05). Even after the test was completed, the skin brightness, fine lines, melanin, and moisture improved continuously. In conclusion, skin care using MTS and cosmetics containing spirulina was more effective on improving the skin tone, hydration, hyper-pigmentation, and fine lines, than skin care without using them.