• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.289-306
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• 2021

This paper aims to investigate how and to what extent FDI impacts the relative demand for skilled labor within firms in the case of developing countries. The analysis uses a sizeable micro-level dataset for Malaysian manufacturing industries using the System-GMM estimators to control the estimations' endogeneity problems. For this purpose, the study uses foreign equity share at the firm level to investigate foreign ownership effects at the firm level and the Horizontal FDI index by Smarzynska Javorcik (2004) to analyze FDI intra-industry linkages influence on the structure of labor demand for Malaysian domestic firms. Our findings indicate that foreign ownership increases the skilled demand within Malaysian manufacturing through the learning process, exclusively for small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs). Conversely for foreign-owned firms, changes in their skilled-labor share do not associate with changes in firm-level foreign equity share. We conclude that foreign ownership per se is not the major contributing factor for skill upgrading in Malaysian manufacturing firms. Furthermore, the competitive pressures caused by foreign firms' presence within the same industry - namely horizontal FDI - has a significant negative spillover effect on the level of skilled-labor share for domestic firms in the Malaysian manufacturing sector within periods of the understudies.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.17-35
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• 2019

Call centers do not simply play a role of responding to customers' calls, but they have developed into a core unit for maintaining competitiveness through services, marketing, or sales. Since the service quality of call centers heavily affects customer satisfaction, organizations have focused on enhancing it by reducing waiting time and increasing service level. One of the techniques, which improve the service quality of call centers, is to employ multi-skilled agents that can handle more than one type of calls. This study deals with three issues relevant to multi-skilled agents. First, we analyze how the way of allocating a specific group of agents to a set of skills affects the performance of call centers. Secondly, we investigate the relationship between the number of multi-skilled agents and the performance of call centers. Finally, we examine the impact of agent selection rules on the performance of call centers. Two selection rules are compared : the first rule is to assign a call to any available agent at random while the other rule is to assign a call preferably to single-skilled agents over multi-skilled agents when applicable. Based on simulation experiments, we suggest three implications. First, as the length of cycles in the agent-skill configuration network becomes longer, call centers achieve higher service level and shorter waiting time. Secondly, simulation results show that as the portion of multi-skilled agents increases, the performance of call centers improves. However, most of the improvement is attained when the portion of multi-skilled agents is relatively low. Finally, the agent selection rules do not significantly affect the call centers' performance, but the rule of preferring single-skilled agents tends to distribute the workload among agents more equally.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the kinematic analysis to score of the Yurchenko stretch skill according to phases in a horse vaulting. For this study, 8 male national gymnasts were participated in acquiring three dimensional kinematical imagining data with four Sony PD-150 video cameras After digitizing motion, the Direct Linear Transformation(DLT) technique was employed to obtain 3-D position coordinates. The kinematic factors of the distance, velocity and angle variable were calculated for Kwon3D 3.1. The following conclusions were drawn; 1) The COG resultant velocity of the less skilled group decreased in PRF phase because the less skilled group had a larger flexion-knee angle than the skilled group in BC phase, Because the less skilled group had larger flexion-shoulder angle than the skilled group in HTO phase, At blocking movement, the body inclined a moving direction. By means of it, COG lowered 2) The skilled group had a more rapid COG's vertical velocity than the less skilled group at HTD and HTO event in HC phase, because this was performed the blocking movement with body angle and contacted on a horse vaulting small and its time short by means of contacting hands on a horse vaulting quickly. Such blocking movement made the vertical up-flight movement easy at POF phase bringing out rapid COG's vertical velocity after take off a horse vaulting.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2018

Objective: To compare head and hand movement patterns during squash forehand motions between experts and less-skilled squash players. Method: Four experts and four less-skilled squash players participated in this study. They performed squash forehand swings and a VICON motion analysis system was used to obtain displacement and velocity data of the head and right hand during the movement. Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to compare head and hand range of motion and peak velocity, and cross-correlation was performed to analyze the head-hand coordination pattern between groups in three movement directions. Results: In terms of head and hand kinematic data, experts had greater head range of motion during down swings than less-skilled squash players. Experts seemed to reach peak hand velocity at impact by reaching peak head velocity followed by hand peak velocity within a given temporal sequence. In terms of head-hand coordination patterns, both groups revealed high positive correlations in the medial-lateral direction, indicating a dominant allocentric coordination pattern. However, experts had uncoupled coordination patterns in the vertical direction and less-skilled squash players had high positive correlations. These results indicate that the head-hand movement pattern likely an important factor squash forehand movement. Conclusion: Analysis of head and hand movement patterns could be a key variable in squash training to reach expert-level performance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.227-237
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of precision that kinematics had when short approach shots were taken. In this study, the subjects chosen were 5 skilled and 5 unskilled subjects, who were allowed to shoot 10 rounds of shots at target distances of 1m, 2m, 4m, and 8m. Three dimensional analysis was used as methods to obtain kinematics of each shots. In order to verify the statistical significance of the kinematic factors followed by the results of different skills and target distances, we used the two-way repeated ANOVA. The study was experimented within the level of p<.05. The results obtained were as follows: 1) the difference of shots of the forward and backward variations were larger than those of the left and right variations, the unskilled subjects' shot distances greatly got larger than that of the skilled subjects as the distance of the target increased, 2) not being affected by the target distance variations, the skilled subjects' rate of down-swing was shorter than the back-swing on short approach shots, 3) the skilled subjects' center of body weight tended to move more naturally towards the target when doing the down-swing to finish than that of the unskilled subjects on short approach shots, 4) the skilled subjects' right hand angle of cocking were narrower and tended to be kept much more consistent than that of the unskilled subjects on short approach shots, 5) the unskilled subjects when doing their back-swings, their right hips swayed towards the back, their trunk-flexion angles were shown to be lower than that of the skilled subjects on short approach shots, 6) the skilled subjects`body weight tended to move more naturally towards the left foot when doing the down-swing to finish than that of the unskilled subjects on short approach shots.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.70-71
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• 2018

The labor cost on construction project of Korea is calculated based on the Wage Rate in Construction of Korea which is published by Construction Association of Korea. The Wage Rate in Construction of Korea does not have any variation on the wage following skill level of labor although it has 123 work categories. In addition, the classification on skill level and career of construction labor in Korea does not defined. Therefore, to establish the concept of the classification on skill level and career of construction labor, this study aim to compare the difference between Wage Rate in Construction of Korea with Award system which present grade on skilled labor.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 2006

Recent migration is led by skilled labor, This paper performes a cross-country analysis to find the determinants of skilled migration using recently released Doquier and Marfouk(2005) data as dependent variable and economic indicators of nations as independent variables. Regression results show that the skilled migration to OECD countries are driven not only by income motive but also by structural factors, such as industrial structure and life expectancy, which have broader meanings in development. It is noteworthy that structural factors of a nation become more important as its income level rises. English seems to have positive effect on skilled migration. Some region-specific factors, proximity to USA of Caribbean countries and political instability of Gold Coast countreis, for example, are found. Middle-income countries seem to be the most vulnerable to the possible risk of brain drain.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.283-293
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• 2021

To verify the employment impact of two-directional FDI, the study analyzes panel data composed of 26 OECD countries from 2006 to 2018 by using the system GMM. Furthermore, we decompose domestic employment into types of industries and skill compositions to identify the heterogeneous employment impact. The results show that inward and outward FDI at lag one period promote domestic employment at the overall level. In terms of workers' skill levels, lagged inward FDI significantly persistently promotes high-skilled workers' employment, likewise, the positive employment impact also appears with a time lag in low-skilled labor subgroups. Outward FDI, on the other hand, initially inhibits both high- and low-skilled labor demand, but then changes to a positive effect in the highskilled labor subgroups. Although there is a time difference between inward and outward FDI, it has a significant and positive impact on employment in the manufacturing and service industries. The results indicate that the relationship between manufacturing and service employment is a mutual substitute. To attract international investors, governments should promote a favorable investment climate and maintain stable economic growth. Because low-skilled labor is more susceptible to changes in FDI, policy measures are required to ensure employment stability.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.165-172
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in the muscle tone and stiffness of neck muscles according to levels of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skill. The subjects were 30 female students in their 20s who were divided into a skilled group (n=15) and an unskilled group (n=15). According to the results, the skilled group showed statistically significant decreases in the stiffness of the lower cervical muscle and the muscle tone of the upper trapezius on the above hand side of hand grips after CPR (p<.05). The unskilled group exhibited a statistically significant difference in both the muscle tone and stiffness of the upper trapezius muscle on both sides after CPR (p<.05). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. In addition, the non-skilled group showed statistically significant lower values than the skilled group in the mean compression rate, total number of compressions, accuracy of chest compression, and accuracy of chest relaxation (p<.05). This study confirmed that CPR has a myophysiological effect on the neck muscles of those who perform CPR. However, it found that no differences result from individual CPR skill levels that are an important element for the accuracy of CPR.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.151-163
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• 2021

Purpose - The break-even point refers to the point where total profit and total cost coincide, and from this point on, the entrepreneur's decision-making takes a different route. Strategic decisions can be made for more efficient operation and eventually for more likelihood for growth and sustainability if a startup figures out when it recoups the investment and switches to a net profit. Design/methodology/approach - 748 creativity and skill-based sole proprietors in manufacturing industry were examined to demonstrate the effect of the entrepreneur's entrepreneurial experience and education level, the business launch preparation time, or the self-financing on the achievement of break-even point. Findings - While the business launch preparation time lowered the likelihood of reaching a break-even point, self-financing increased the likelihood. As a result of further analysis by subdividing into subgroups according to skill level, only the business launch preparation time was statistically significant in the highly skilled industries. In the low skilled industries, in addition to the business launch preparation time, the CEO's education level and the self-financing were statistically significant. Research implications or Originality - The longer the business launch preparation time, the higher the start-up cost, which increases the burden of initial cost recovery, and the agile response to market changes is thereby delayed, resulting in the business idea losing its appeal. Self-financing not only provides stability and strong motivation for the business operation but also promotes careful spending which contributes to the achievement of break-even point. In particular, it is found that practical experience is more useful than theoretical knowledge in low skilled industries. Due to the limitation of secondary data based on the recollection, the time required to reach a break-even point, percentage of financing sources, etc. may include cognitive errors. In addition, variables are not included that explain the characteristics of creativity and skill-based sole proprietorship, so it is necessary to exercise caution with the actual application.