• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2003년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집 Ⅳ
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• pp.2128-2131
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• 2003

We present an efficient algorithm for skew correction of business card images obtained by a PDA camera. The proposed method is composed of four parts: block adaptive binarization (BAB), stripe generation, skew angle calculation, and image rotation. In the BAB, an input image is binarized block by block so as to lessen the effects of irregular illumination and shadows over the input image. In the stripe generation, character string clusters are generated merging character strings and their inter-spaces, and then only clusters useful for skew angle calculation are output as stripes. In the skew angle calculation, the direction angles of the stripes are calculated using their central moments and then the skew angle of the input image is determined averaging the direction angles. In the image rotation, the input image is rotated by the skew angle. Experimental results shows that the proposed method yields correction rates of 97％ for business card images.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제28권12C호
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• pp.1225-1238
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 PDA에 장착된 카메라를 사용하여 획득한 명함 영상에 대한 회전 보정 알고리듬을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 크게 블록적응 이진화부, 스트라이프 생성부, 회전각 계산부, 그리고 영상 회전부로 구성된다. 블록적응 이진화부에서는 입력 영상의 불균일한 조명이나 그림자의 영향을 감소시키기 위하여 입력 영상을 블록별로 이진화한다. 스트라이프 생성부에서는 인접한 문자와 이들로 이루어진 문자열들을 병합하여 문자열 클러스터를 생성하고, 생성된 클러스터 중에서 회전각 계산에 유용한 것들을 스트라이프로 분류한다. 회전각 계산부에서는 스트라이프들의 방향각을 중심 모멘트를 이용하여 계산하고 이들 방향각을 평균하여 입력 영상의 회전각으로 결정한다. 영상 회전부에서는 입력 영상을 계산된 회전각 만큼 회전시킨다. 실험결과 제안된 방법은 여러 종류의 명함을 다양한 주변 여건에서 PDA로 획득한 시험 영상에 대하여 약 93%의 회전 보정률을 보였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2003

문서 이미지 처리에서 텍스트 블록의 수평화 프로세스는 문서 인식 솔루션을 위한 전처리 단계로서 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 텍스트 이미지 블록의 직교각 속성과 형태 모멘트에 후프 변환을 적용하여 경사진 텍스트 블록을 원래 문서의 텍스트와 수평화된 텍스트 이미지로 변환하는 효율적인 방식을 제안한다. 실험을 통하여 제안된 방식의 비교 성능 결과를 보인다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2003년도 신호처리소사이어티 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.469-472
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• 2003

Skew is inevitably occurred in a scanned document image Thus, character recognition systems are generally very sensitive to a skew angle. In this paper, we propose a robust slant correction algorithm based on dithering and estimating vortical transition. Character strings are segmented by projecting the vertical transition point and the slant corrected image. The segmentation method using the vertical transition point can effectively split the character strings touching vertically each other. Experimental results show that the proposed method has achieved robust slant correction and good performance of character string segmentation.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1487-1494
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• 2012

본 논문에서 선명 화질은 물론 저화질 문서영상에서 에지를 이용해 문서영상의 기울기를 검출하고, 보정하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 영상 복잡도를 이용해 문자영역을 선택하여 에지를 검출하고, 이들을 다양한 방향으로 투영하여 투영 히스토그램들을 생성한다. 그리고 히스토그램들에서 에지 집중도를 평가하여 문서영상의 기울기를 검출하고 기울어진 문서 영상을 보정한다. 고속 기울기 검출을 위해 부표본화와 3단 coarse-to-fine 탐색 알고리즘을 사용한다. 선명 화질과 저화질 영상의 기울기 검출에서 제안된 알고리즘의 최대 검출 오차와 평균오차가 기존 유사 알고리즘의 50% 정도이고, 기울기 검출 시간은 25%정도로 감소된다. 모바일기기로 취득된 밝기 불균일 영상에서는 기존 알고리즘은 적절한 2진 영상을 얻을 수 없어 기울기 검출이 어려우나 제안된 알고리즘의 평균 검출 오차 0.1o 이하로 기울기를 검출한다.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

This paper presents hardware implementation of background timing-skew calibration technique for time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TI ADCs). The timing skew between any two adjacent analog-digital (A/D) channels is detected by using pure digital Finite Impulse Response (FIR) delay filter. This paper includes hardware architecture of the system, main units and small sub-blocks along with control logic circuits. Moreover, timing diagrams of logic simulations using ModelSim are provided and discussed for further understanding about simulations. Simulation process in MATLAB and Verilog is also included and provided with basic settings need to be done. For hardware implementation it not practical to work with all samples. Hence, the simulation is conducted on 512 TI ADC output samples which are stored in the buffer simultaneously and the correction arithmetic is done on those samples according to the time skew algorithm. Through the simulated results, we verified the implemented hardware is working well.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제6권11호
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• pp.3140-3149
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• 1999

Skew correction for document images can be using a rotational transformation of pixel coordinates. In this paper we propose a method which corrects the document skew, by an amount of $\theta$ degrees, using block information, where the block is defined as a rectangular area containing adjacent black pixels. Processing speed of the proposed method is faster than that of the method using pixel transformation, since the number of floating-point operations can be reduced significantly. In the proposed method, we rotate only the four corner points of each block, and then identify the pixels inside the block. Two methods for inside pixel identification are proposed; the first method finds two points intersecting the boundary of the rotated block in each row, and determines the pixels between the two intersection points as the inside pixel. The second method finds boundary points based on Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, using fixed-point operation, and fills the region surrounded by these boundaries as black pixels. We have measured the performance of the proposed method by experimenting it with 2,016 images of various English and Korean documents. We have also proven the superiority of our algorithm through performance comparison with respect to existing methods based on pixel transformation.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.1133-1138
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• 2007

DLLs(Delay Locked Loops) have widely been used in many systems in order to achieve the clock synchronization. A SMD (Synchronous Mirror Delay) structure is used both for skew reduction and for DCC (Duty Cycle Correction). In this paper, a SMD based DLL with DCC using Reduced Delay Lines is proposed in order to reduce the clock skew and correct the duty cycle. The merged structure allows the forward delay array to be shared between the DLL and the DCC, and yields a 25% saving in the number of the required delay cells. The designed chip was fabricated using a $0.25{\mu}m$ 1-poly, 4-metal CMOS process. Measurement results showed the 3% duty cycle error when the input signal ranges from 80% to 20% and the clock frequency ranges from 400MHz to 600MHz. The locking operation needs 3 clock and duty correction requires only 5 clock cycles as feature with SMD structure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.751-766
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• 2004

This paper extends the use of the hierarchic degenerated shell element to geometric non-linear analysis of composite laminated skew plates by the p-version of the finite element method. For the geometric non-linear analysis, the total Lagrangian formulation is adopted with moderately large displacement and small strain being accounted for in the sense of von Karman hypothesis. The present model is based on equivalent-single layer laminate theory with the first order shear deformation including a shear correction factor of 5/6. The integrals of Legendre polynomials are used for shape functions with p-level varying from 1 to 10. A wide variety of linear and non-linear results obtained by the p-version finite element model are presented for the laminated skew plates as well as laminated square plates. A numerical analysis is made to illustrate the influence of the geometric non-linear effect on the transverse deflections and the stresses with respect to width/depth ratio (a/h), skew angle (${\beta}$), and stacking sequence of layers. The present results are in good agreement with the results in literatures.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권5호
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• pp.551-562
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• 2019

In the present study, a suitable mathematical model considering parabolic transverse shear strains for dynamic analysis of laminated composite skew plates under different types of impulse and spatial loads was presented for the first time. The proposed mathematical model satisfies zero transverse shear strain at the top and bottom of the plate. On the basis of the cubic variation of thickness coordinate in in-plane displacement fields of the present mathematical model, a 2D finite element (FE) model was developed including skew transformations in the mathematical model. No shear correction factor is required in the present formulation and damping effect was also incorporated. This is the first FE implementation considering a cubic variation of thickness coordinate in in-plane displacement fields including skew transformations to solve the forced vibration problem of composite skew plates. The effect of transverse shear and rotary inertia was incorporated in the present model. The Newmark-${\beta}$ scheme was adapted to perform time integration from step to step. The $C^0$ FE formulation was implemented to overcome the problem of $C^1$ continuity associated with the cubic variation of thickness coordinate in in-plane displacement fields. The numerical studies showed that the present 2D FE model predicts the result close to the analytical results. Many new results varying different parameter such as skew angles, boundary conditions, etc. were presented.