• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to find out an effective propagation method for reed(Phragmites communis Trin.), ensuring a continuous herbicide screening for reed control. Reed propagation methods were compared under a greenhouse condition using tour different materials; seeds, rhizomes, depressed stolons of P. japonica Steud., and stem cuttings. Although reed seeds were easy to harvest and store, their germination rate(${\leq}$5%) was very low and seedling growth from the seeds was slow. Rhizomes were difficult to harvest and their harvest time was limited from November to March. Furthermore, reed propagation using rhizomes had problems of a relatively low germination rate(46%), no uniformity in size and shape, individual differences at the early stage of growth, and difficulties in material storage. Rate of reed growth from rhizomes was higher in commercial soil mix(Boo Nong soil) than in sand or in sand+upland soil(1:1). Depressed stolons of P. japonica had a moderate germination rate(65%) and were relatively easy to harvest. However, their harvest time was limited only from August to September. Propagation method using stem cuttings had several advantages over the above methods using other materials. Reed plants could uniformly be propagated from the stem cuttings with a relatively high germination rate(75%). Stem cuttings of central nodes showed a higher germination rate compared to those of upper or lower nodes. Stem cuttings from the field should be used immediately after harvest, since their germination rate decreased rapidly when they were stored under a wet- or a dry-refrigerated condition. Furthermore, the germination of stem cuttings tended to decrease when they were collected from the field after August. This indicates that there is a limitation of harvest time for stem cuttings. However, a year-round propagation of reed using stem cuttings is possible if parent plants are grown in a greenhouse, and thus herbicide screening for reed control could continuously be performed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.606-613
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• 1996

Cardiac transplantation has been the treatment of patients with end-stage heart disease since it was first performed in 1967. In Korea the first case was performed in 1992 and 42 patients underwent heart trans- plantation so far. The purpose of this article is to report short-term result of cardiac transplantation at our center. Between April 1994 and September 1995, 14 patients had undergone orthotopic heart transplantations. There was 12 male and 2 female patients. Mea recipient age was 34 years(range 11 to 54 years) and mean donor age was 28.4 years(16 to 50 years). Mean graft ischemic time was 120.7minutes(80 to 280 minutes). The follow-up period after transplantation was 11 months(3 to 17 months). Recipient diagnosis included dilated cardiomyopathy in 10, ischemic cardiomyopathy in 2, valvular cardiomyopathy in 1, congenital complex heart disease in 1 patient. The preoperative status of the recipients were state I (50%) and ll (50%) by UNOS classification and class 111 (5 patients) and class IV (9) by NYHA functional class. All patients were treated with triple-drug immunosuppression (cyclosporine, azathioprine, steroid) and induction with RATG. The rejection episodes were 5 times in 3 patients during the follow-up. Causes of infection were aspergillosis (2), and hepes zoster (1), CMV pneumonitis (1). Permanent pace- maker was inserted in 1 patient. Currently 9 patients are alive with seven patients in WYHA functional class I and two in class l . The ejection fraction increased from preoperative value of 19.9 $\pm$ 3.4% to postoperative value of 69.0 $\pm$ 5.6%. The causes of death were cellular rejection (1),chronic graft failure due to size-mismatching (1),respirat- oxy insufficiency due to asthma attack (1), subarachnoid hemorrhage (1), and RIO humoral rejection (1).

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2019

The two most common mushroom species grown in Korea are pearl oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and king oyster mushroom (P. eryngii). In recent years, the production of king oyster mushroom greatly increased due to the automation of the cultivation facilities, and it became a major export mushroom owing to its excellent shelf life. However, the increase in the production of king oyster mushroom led to a decline in its market price; thus, necessitating the development of new mushroom species that could replace king oyster mushroom, to diversify the mushroom market for the benefit of both, the producers and the consumers. The Mushroom division at the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS) reported the development of a new interspecific hybrid between P. ferulae and P. tuoliensis, referred to as 'Creamy.' Two parental strains KMCC00430 (Bisan2ho, P. ferulae) and KMCC00461 (P. tuoliensis) were selected based on the results of genetic resource analysis, and their monokaryons were collected. About 1,000 Mon-Mon crosses were performed and 73 of them were selected. Following repeated cultivation tests and strain analyses, we selected strain 7773, which had a bright creamy pileus and a thick straight stipe, and named it 'Creamy.' Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of Creamy was 25-30℃, and that for fruiting body growth was 16℃. The pileus, which had a brighter creamy color, was small in size with a diameter of 61.2 mm. Although it was cultivated in suboptimal conditions, such as low temperature and high CO₂ concentration, Creamy was characterized by its straight and smooth stipe. Field production tests and further analyses indicated that the yield of Creamy was 5% higher than that of Baekhwang. It is expected that Creamy, the new interspecific hybrid with a bright creamy pileus and a pleasant flavor, will help create new opportunities for mushroom farmers and diversify the mushroom market.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2001

Respiratory viruses are one of the most infectious agent in human. Six different respiratory tract viruses were detected from Busan while working on the preventive surveillance in 1997-2000. The isolation rate from suspected specimens were 8.4%. Influenza virus A, B type, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, mumps virus, and measles virus were examined from throat swabs, serum, and secretions of patients. Influenza A/Sydney/05/97(H3N2)-like, A/Johanesburg/33/94(H3N2)-like, A/Beijing/262/95(H1N1)-like and Influenza B/Beijing/262/95-like, B/Harbin/07/94-like, B/Guangdong/08/93-like were found. Adenovirus serotype 1, 2, 3 and 5 were detected, antibody of mumps both IgM and IgG were shown and outbreaks of measles were confirmed. Different antigenic types of influenza virus were detected every year, one outbreak of parainfluenza in 1999, mumps outbreak in 1999 and 2000, and incidence of measles in 2000 were noticeable. Monthly outbreaks were November through following March with influenza virus, January through June with adenovirus, February through May and December with mumps, April through August and November, December with measles, respectively. The size of isolated viruses were 130 nm with influenza virus B type, non-enveloped, icosahedron with 70 nm with adenovirus, 170 nm with mumps virus and 180 nm with parainfluenza virus in diameter, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2015

Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation. These characteristics and the presence of vegetation determine physical and chemical properties that affect decomposition rates of organic matter (OM). Decomposition of OM is associated with activities of various extracellular enzymes (EE) produced by bacteria and fungi. Extracellular enzymes convert macromolecules to simple compounds such as labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) that can be easily taken up by microbes and plants. Therefore, the enzymatic approach is helpful to understand the decomposition rates of OM and nutrient cycling in wetland soils. This paper reviews the physical and biogeochemical factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activities (EEa) in wetland soils, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and phenol oxidase that decompose organic matter and release C, N, P, and S nutrients for microbial and plant growths. Effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa were not significantly different among sites, whereas the influence of temperature on EEa varied depending on microbial acclimation to extreme temperatures. Addition of C, N, or P affected EEa differently depending on the nutrient state, C:N ratio, limiting factors, and types of enzymes of wetland soils. Substrate quality influenced EEa more significantly than did other factors. Also, drainage of wetland and increased temperature due to global climate change can stimulate phenol oxidase activity, and anthropogenic N deposition can enhance the hydrolytic EEa; these effects increase OM decomposition rates and emissions of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ from wetland systems. The researches on the relationship between microbial structures and EE functions, and environmental factors controlling EEa can be helpful to manipulate wetland ecosystems for treating pollutants and to monitor wetland ecosystem services.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.6 no.7
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• pp.700-708
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• 1996

Electroless plating technique was utilized to flip chip bonding to improve surface mount characteristics. Each step of plating procedure was studied in terms pf pH, plating temperature and plating time. Al patterned 4 inch Si wafers were used as substrstes and zincate was used as an activation solution. Heat treatment was carried out for all the specimens in the temperature range from room temperature to $400^{\circ}C$ for $30^{\circ}C$ minutes in a vacuum furnace. Homogeneous distribution of Zn particles of size was obtained by the zincate treatment with pH 13 ~ 13.5, solution concentration of 15 ~ 25% at room temperature. The plating rates for both Ni-P and Au electroless plating steps increased with increasing the plating temperature and pH. The main crystallization planes of the plated Au were found to be (111) a pH 7 and (200) and (111) at pH 9 independent of the annealing temperature.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.988-996
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• 1995

CuInSe$_2$this films as a light absorber layer were fabricated by vacuum evaporation using In$_2$Se$_3$and Cu$_2$Se precursors and their properties were analyzed. Indium selenide films of 0.5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness were first deposited by vacuum evaporation of In$_2$Se$_3$ on a Corning 7059 glass substrate. The films deposited at suscepor temperature of 40$0^{\circ}C$ showed a flat surface morphology with densely Packed grain structure. CuInSe$_2$films directly formed by evaporating Cu$_2$Se on the predeposited In$_2$Se$_2$films also showed a very flat surface when the susceptor temperature was $700^{\circ}C$. Cu$_2$Se, a second phase in the CuInSe$_2$film, was removed by evaporating additional In$_2$Se$_3$on the CuInSe$_2$film at $700^{\circ}C$. The grain size of 1.2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thick CuInSe$_2$, film was about 2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and the film had a (112) preferred orientation. As the amount of deposited In$_2$Se$_3$increased, the electrical resistivity of CuInSe$_2$films increased because of the decrease of hole concentration. But the optical band gap was almost constant at the value of 1.04eV, The CuInSe$_2$film grown on a Mo/glass substrate had a similar smooth microstructure compared to that on a glass substrate. A solar cell with ZnO/CdS/CuInSe$_2$/Mo structure may be realized based on the above CuInSe$_2$films.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2012

In this study, a method was developed using molecular biological technique to distinguish an authenticity of meats for processed meat products. The genes for distinction of species about meats targeted at 12S or 16S genes in mitochondrial DNA and the species-specific primers were designed by that PCR products' size was around 200bp for applying to processed products. The target materials were 10 species of livestock products and it checked whether expected PCR products were created or not by electrophoresis after PCR using species-specific primers. The results of PCR for beef, pork, goat meat, mutton, venison, and horse meat were 131, 138, 168, 144, 191, and 142 bp each. The expected PCR products were confirmed at 281, 186, 174, and 238 bp for chicken, duck, turkeymeat, and ostrich. Also, non-specific PCR products were not detected in similar species by species-specific primers. The method using primers developed in this study confirm to be applicable for composite seasoning including beefs and processed meat products including pork and chicken. Therefore, this method may apply to distinguish an authenticity of meats for various processed products.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2016

This study was carried out to assess the carbon budget of two urban parks and one natural park and to prepare the plan for improving the ecological functions of the park including carbon sink. Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of those study sites was calculated from the relationship between Net Primary Production (NPP) and soil respiration of each study site. To understand carbon budget of the whole area designated as the park, carbon budget of the urban park was analyzed by classifying the vegetated and the non-vegetated zones. NEP of the Nohae and the Sanggye parks calculated by reflecting areal size that the non-vegetated zones occupy were shown in -1.0 and $0.6\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. On the other hand, NEP of Mt. Bulam natural park as a reference site was in $2.3\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Based on the result, the Nohae park was assessed as carbon source rather than carbon sink. On the other hand, the Sanggye park was classified as carbon sink but the role was poor compared with natural park. The result is, first of all, due to lower NPP of the vegetation introduced for the parks compared with natural vegetation. The other reason is due to wide arrangement of non-vegetated zone. To solve those problems and thereby to create the urban park with high ecological quality, selection of plant species suitable for the ecological characteristic of the park, their arrangement imitated natural vegetation, and ecological zoning were recommended.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2011

To optimize the natural chemical agents against nuisance phytoplankton, we examined algal removal activity (ABA) of Plant-Mineral Composite (PMC), which already developed by our teams (Kim et al., 2010), on various conditions. The PMC are consisted of extracted-mixtures with indigenous plants (Camellia sinensis, Quercusacutissima and Castanea crenata) and minerals (Loess, Quartz porphyry, and natural zeolite), and characterized by coagulation and floating of low-density suspended solids. A simple extraction process was adopted, such as drying and grinding of raw material, water-extraction by high temperature-sonication and filtering. All tests were performed in 3 L plastic chambers varying conditions; six different concentrations ($0{\sim}1.0\;mL\;L^{-1}$), six light intensities ($8{\sim}1,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$), three temperatures ($10{\sim}30^{\circ}C$), four pHs (7~10), five water depths (10~50 cm), and three different waters dominated by cyanobacteria, diatom, and green algae, respectively. Results indicate that the highest ABA of PMC was seen at $0.05\;mL\;L^{-1}$ in treatment concentrations, where showed a reduction of more than 80% of control phytoplankton biomass, while $1,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in light intensity (>90%), $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ temperature (>60%), 7~9 in pH (>90%), below 50 cm in water depth (>90%), and cyanobacterial dominating waters (>80%), respectively. Over the test, ABA of PMC were more obvious on the algal biomass (chlorophyll-${\alpha}$) than suspended solids, suggesting a selectivity of PMC to particle size or natures. These results suggest that PMC agents can play an important role as natural agents to remove the nuisant algal aggregates or seston of eutrophic lake, where occur cyanobacterial bloom in a shallow shore of lake during warm season.