• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.520-530
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the effects of music therapy on cognitive function, agitation, anxiety and depression in the elderly with dementia. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google scholar and PsycINFO, for the period 2010 to 2019. In the meta-analysis, the standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) and 95% confidence interval were calculated as summary measure, and the random effect model and inverse variance method were applied using the RevMan 5.4 program. A total of 13 studies were included; all were determined to be acceptable, based on the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Results: The effect size (Hedges' g) was 0.31 (95% CI: -0.02, 0.65) for cognition and -0.03 (95% CI: -0.17, 0.11) for agitation behavior as the primary outcomes, and 0.61 (95% CI: -1.17, -0.05) for anxiety and -0.44(95% CI: -0.88, 0.00) for depression as the secondary outcomes. Subgroup analysis by type of music intervention revealed that combined music therapy has a significantly increasing beneficial effect on cognition of dementia patients (g=0.45[95% CI: 0.03, 0.87]). Conclusion: Music therapy was determined to exert beneficial effects in reducing anxiety and depression, and combined music therapy demonstrated improved cognitive functions in elderly patients with dementia.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.34-39
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• 2022

In this study, effects of ultrasonic energy on the cementation reaction and copper recovery rate were investigated for different types of iron samples, such as plate, chip, and powder, for recovering copper from waste etchant, which contained ~3.5% copper. The cementation reaction using the ultrasonic energy was more effective than the simple stirring reaction, with the former exhibiting a high copper recovery rate than the latter for the same time interval. When cementation was performed for 25 min with ultrasonic treatment, rather than simple stirring, the copper recovery rate of the plate, chip, and powder improved from 7.0% to 12.0%, 14.0% to 46.1%, and 41.9% to 77.2%, respectively. Therefore, the use of ultrasonic energy could detach the copper recovered by the cementation reaction from the surface of the iron samples, thereby increasing the copper recovery rate. Owing to the use of ultrasonic energy, the copper recovery rate increased by 2-6 times, and the recovered copper exhibited a decreased particle size compared to that obtained via simple stirring.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.306-313
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• 2021

National fishing harbour is as a refuge for fishing boats and a breakwater lighthouse is installed as a functional facility in consideration of harbour identification and the safety of passing vessels. In this study, the service level of breakwater lighthouse (234 units) was estimated based on the traffic volume of 105 national fishing harbour. For this purpose, the evaluation items were determined, the fishing harbour standard index was calculated (Fs=1), the proximity of fishing harbour was identified and the function (service level) of the breakwater lighthouse was estimated in the following order. However, national fishing harbour differed in size, traffic volume and fishing vessel capacity. Therefore, 105 national fishing harbour were divided into three groups through cluster analysis. The cluster analysis was based on the service level factors of the breakwater lighthouse, such as the number of weeding fishing vessels, tonnage of fishing vessels, the number of incoming and outgoing vessels per year, and fishing vessel capacity. As a result of the estimation, the service level of the breakwater lighthouse (light tower height, visual height, visual range, interval) was 10.50m, 16.50m, 7.00mile, 5.5sec for group 1, and 10.67m, 16.16m, 8.33mile, and 6.0sec for group 2, The three groups are 11.53m, 16.75m, 6.75mile and 5.0sec. The results of this study can be used as useful basic data for improving the service level of traffic vessels when a breakwater lighthouse is built in a fishing harbour in the future.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.303-312
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• 2022

Bridges across waterways act as interference factors, that reduce the navigable water area from the perspective of navigation safety. To analyze the safety navigational width of ships navigating bridges across waterways, the optimal traffic distribution based on AIS data was investigated, and ships were classified according to size through k-means clustering. As a result of the goodness-of-fit analysis of the clustered data, the lognormal distribution was found to be close to the optimal distribution for Incheon Bridge and Busan Harbor Bridge. Also, the normal distributions for Mokpo Bridge and Machang Bridge were analyzed. Based on the lognormal and normal distribution, the analysis results assumed that the safe passage range of the vessel was 95% of the confidence interval, As a result, regarding the Incheon Bridge, the difference between the normal distribution and the lognormal distribution was the largest, at 64m to 98m. The minimum difference was 10m, which was revealed for Machang Bridge. Accordingly, regarding Incheon Bridge, it was analyzed that it is more appropriate to present a safety width of traffic by assuming a lognormal distribution, rather than suggesting a safety navigation width by assuming a normal distribution. Regarding other bridges, it was analyzed that similar results could be obtained using any of the two distributions, because of the similarity in width between the normal and lognormal distributions. Based on the above results, it is judged that if a safe navigational range is presented, it will contribute to the safe operation of ships as well as the prevention of accidents.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.574-587
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• 2022

This study was performed to development the alternative farrowing pen (AFP) and to investigate performance and behavior of lactating sows and their litter. A total of 64 multiparous sows were randomly divided into two groups and were allocated to farrowing crates (FCs) and AFPs. The AFPs contained a crate and support bars that could be folded to provide the sows with extra space on day 5 postpartum. Behavior was recorded by charge-coupled device cameras and digital video recorders, and the data were scanned every 2 min to obtain an instantaneous behavioral sample. Farrowing systems did not affect feed intake, back-fat thickness, litter size and piglet weight at birth and weaning (p > 0.05). In addition, there were no differences in the number of crushed piglets between the two farrowing systems (p > 0.05). However, the weaning-to-estrus interval was shorter in the sows of the AFPs than in thous of the FCs (p < 0.05). The sows spent most of their time lying down during the lactating period, at about 80% lateral recumbency and 10%-15% ventral recumbency. The only significant differences were in the feeding and drinking behavior between sows in the two farrowing systems (p < 0.05). The FC sows displayed more feeding and drinking behavior than the AFP sows, especially in the late lactating period (p < 0.05). Piglets in the FCs tended to spend more time walking than piglets in the AFPs (p < 0.05), whereas there were no differences in suckling and lying behavior between piglets in the two farrowing systems (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the AFPs with temporary crating until day 4 postpartum did not negatively affect performance and crushed piglet compared with the FCs. It also may improve animal welfare by allowing sows to move and turn around during the lactating period. Further research is needed to find suitable housing designs to enhance productivity and animal welfare.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.321-337
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• 1997

Rapid change in the technological environment of marine transportation and the development of the ocean shipping industry have fostered a revolution in the port system. This in turn has caused major changes in the function and use of port in Korea. Aside from this. Mokpo Port, however continues to decline, because the existing port facilities and related subsystem are already obsolete with no chance of regaining operational effectiveness and treatment for proper implementation. Although a few studies have been done on the Mokpo Port, has not been found, any reseach for the analytical approach to the transportation system of it. This paper aims to make an extensive analysis of the physical distribution system in Mokpo Port focusing on the coordination of subsystems such as navigational aids system, quay handling and transfer system, storage system and inland transport system. The base of introduced simulation tool here is the queueing theory. The overall findings are as follows; 1. Among those vessels called at Mokpo Port in 1994, the average size of oceangoing vessels is 4,922.1 G/T, and the domestic is 317.8 G/T. The average arrival interval and service time of the domestic vessels are 6.0 hours and 24.1 hours respectively marking the berth occupation rate over 100%. Those for oceangoing vessels are 34.5 hours, 120.0 hours and 37.2%. In order to maintainin the berth occupation rate to 70% the capacity considering the 1994 of domestic piers must be extended to 145% and oceangoing vessels must be increased to 165% year called. 2. The capacity of approaching channel is enough to handle the total traffic volume. 3. Tugs are sufficiently being provided to handle all ships requiring their services 4. The capacity of storage and inland transportation systems are sufficient to handle the throughput and the yard stroage utilization rate of No.1 $\cdots$ No.5 is 4.5% and No.6 1S 30% of 1993's. 5. The utilization rate of LLc(Level Looping Crane) and PNT(PNeumaTic) are 2.7% and 18.8%, respectively. Practical solution and proposal for improvement of Transportation System in Mokpo Port are as follows; 1. To avoid the congestion in domestic pier introduction of a new port operation system is necessary allowing the domestic vessel to use the oceangoing pier. 2. To establish the port management information system to improve the efficiency of port operation. 3. To build a new storage system for high valued cargos including modernization of the present storage and handling system. 4. To insure the safety of navigation in approaching channel, The Vessel Traffic System including separation scheme is introduced. 5. To interest enormously on public relation to ship owner's association, shippers and consignees by showing that they can save cost and ship turnaround time in order to promote the call to Mokpo Port. At last, to be strategically change the function of Mokpo Port to the Leisure, Fishing & Ferry as well as Maritime port.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2023

In this study, natural surfactants were extracted from Medicago sativa L. The O/W emulsification processes with the extracted natural surfactants were optimized using central composite design model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) and a 95% confidence interval was used to confirm the reasonableness of the optimization. Herein, independent parameters were the ratio of saponins to total surfactant (P), amount of surfactant (W), and emulsification speed (R), whereas the reaction parameters were the emulsion stability index (ESI), mean droplet size (MDS), and viscosity (V). Using the multiple reaction, the optimal conditions for the ratio of saponins to total surfactant, amount of surfactant, and emulsification speed for O/W emulsification were 49.5%, 9.1 wt%, and 6559.5 rpm, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the expected values of ESI, MDS, and V as the reaction parameters were 89.9%, 1058.4 nm, and 1522.5 cP, respectively. The values of ESI, MDS, and V from these expected values were 88.7%, 1026.4 nm, and 1486.5 cP, respectively, and the average experimental error for validating the accuracy was about 2.3 (± 0.4)%. Therefore, it was possible to design an optimization process for evaluating the O/W emulsion process with Medicago sativa L. using CCD-RSM.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.288-299
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the weight fluctuations in college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and identify lifestyle and dietary changes related to weight gain. Methods: An online survey was conducted on 270 college students from September 22 to October 26, 2021. A logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship of weight gain with the general characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary changes of the students. Results: Among the respondents, 42.9% of men and 44.7% of women reported weight gain. The main reasons given for weight gain were reduced activities due to restrictions during lockdown and diet changes, mainly relating to delivered or fast foods. Among the general characteristics and lifestyle factors poor perceived health (odds ratio [OR], 3.97, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98-7.96) and being underweight (OR, 0.19, 95% CI, 0.05-0.83) were significantly associated with weight gain. With respect to the diet, increased frequency of eating breakfasts (OR, 4.44, 95% CI, 1.76-11.21), decreased frequency of eating snacks (OR, 0.35, 95% CI, 0.16-0.77), decreased frequency of fruit intake (OR, 3.0, 95% CI, 1.32-6.80), increased frequency of carbonated and sweetened beverage intake (OR, 2.74, 95% CI, 1.26-5.99) and increased frequency of fast food consumption (OR, 2.32, 95% CI, 1.14-4.70) were significantly associated with weight gain. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic affected weight gain and caused lifestyle and dietary changes. Specific health and nutrition management plans should be prepared for handling future epidemics of infectious diseases based on the results of surveys conducted on larger sample size.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.7-22
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• 2023

In January 2022, a new legislation was enforced to enhance the safety of underground construction. Consequently, a comprehensive assessment of underground safety is now an integral part of the planning process, including an evaluation of its impact. Ensuring the stability of temporary retaining walls during underground excavation has become paramount, prompting a heightened focus on the assessment of underground safety. This study delves into the analysis of the Multi-axis Flat Continuous Soil Cement Wall retaining wall (MFS) construction method. This method facilitates the expansion of wall thickness in the ground and provides flexibility in selecting and spacing H-piles. Through laboratory model tests, we scrutinized the load-displacement behavior of the wall, varying the H-pile installation intervals using the MFS method. Additionally, a 3-dimensional numerical analysis was conducted to explore the influence of H-pile installation intervals and sizes on the load for different thicknesses of the MFS retaining wall. The displacement analysis yielded the calculation of the height of the arching effect acting on the wall. To further our understanding, a design method was introduced, quantitatively analyzing the results of axial force and shear force acting on the wall. This involved applying the maximum arching height, calculated by the MFS method, to the existing member force review method. The axial force and shear force, contingent on the H-pile installation interval and size applied to the MFS retaining wall, demonstrated a reduction effect ranging from 24.6% to 62.9%.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1240-1252
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• 2021

Objective: To compare the accuracy for detecting breast cancer in the diagnostic setting between the use of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), defined as DBT alone or combined DBT and digital mammography (DM), and the use of DM alone through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-Embase, Cochrane Library and five Korean local databases were searched for articles published until March 25, 2020. We selected studies that reported diagnostic accuracy in women who were recalled after screening or symptomatic. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. A bivariate random effects model was used to estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity. We compared the diagnostic accuracy between DBT and DM alone using meta-regression and subgroup analyses by modality of intervention, country, existence of calcifications, breast density, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category threshold, study design, protocol for participant sampling, sample size, reason for diagnostic examination, and number of readers who interpreted the studies. Results: Twenty studies (n = 44513) that compared DBT and DM alone were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86-0.93) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.84-0.94), respectively, for DBT, which were higher than 0.76 (95% CI 0.68-0.83) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.89), respectively, for DM alone (p < 0.001). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.97) for DBT and 0.86 (95% CI 0.82-0.88) for DM alone. The higher sensitivity and specificity of DBT than DM alone were consistently noted in most subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Conclusion: Use of DBT was more accurate than DM alone for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Women with clinical symptoms or abnormal screening findings could be more effectively evaluated for breast cancer using DBT, which has a superior diagnostic performance compared to DM alone.