• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.76-79
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• 2003

퍼지 로직 시스템(FLS)은 다양한 분야에서 성공적으로 사용되고 있다 퍼지 로직 시스템의 멤버십 함수와 규칙은 언어적인 정보나 수치적 데이터를 사용하여 표현된다. 또한 이러한 정보나 데이터에는 불확실성과 노이즈 등이 존재한다. 그러나 단순한 퍼지 로직 시스템으로노이즈가 포함된 불확실한 정보를 효과적으로 다루고 표현하는 데는 한계가 있다. 그러므로 노이즈가 포함된 정보를 효율적으로 처리하기 위해 본 논문에서는 type-2 FLS를 이용한다. 노이즈가 포함되어 불확실한 정도를 정확한 값으로 표현하기 어려울 때, type-2 FLS은 보다 정확하게 정보들을 다를 수 있음을 보인다. 비선형 시계열 시스템인 Box-Jenkins 데이터를 이용하여 singleton Type-1 FLS과 non-singleton type-1 FLS의 결과 값을 확인하고 이의 성능을 type-2 FLS과 비교, 분석한다.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.555-564
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• 2008

Essential fatty acids are important essential nutrients during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to compare fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and essential fatty acid intakes between Korean pregnant women with a single baby and Korean pregnant women with twins. A total of 116 pregnant women who had maintained their health without any symptoms of pregnancy complications participated in the study. The subjects consisted of 57 women of singleton pregnancy and 58 women of twin pregnancy at the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester of pregnancy. A 24-hour dietary recall was administered to each subject to obtain dietary information. The mean ages of the singleton pregnancy group and the twin pregnancy group were 31.44 years and 32.27 years, respectively, and the mean height values were 161.86 cm and 160.64 cm, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the singleton pregnancy group were 1639.95 kcal, 1904.71 kcal, and 1882.82 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the twin pregnancy group were 1745.99 kcal, 2203.46 kcal, and 2092.26 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean fatty acid intakes by the type of pregnancy (i.e., singleton vs. twins) and the stage of pregnancy (i.e., 1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd trimester). However, the mean total fatty acid intake of those at the 1st trimester among the singleton pregnancy group tended to be higher than that of those at the 1st trimester among the twin pregnancy group. Such a trend seemed to be retro-versed. That is, the mean total fatty acid intakes of the twin pregnancy group were higher compared to the singleton pregnancy group for the 2nd and 3rd trimester group. The LA and total n6 concentrations of serum phospholipids of the singleton pregnancy group were significantly higher as the gestational age increased(p<0.05). The $\alpha-LNA$(p<0.05), EPA(p<0.05), and total n3(p<0.001) concentrations of serum phospholipids of the twin pregnancy group were significantly lower as the gestational age increased. The $\alpha-LNA$ concentrations of serum phospholipids in the singleton pregnancy group at the 3rd trimester were significantly higher than that in the twin pregnancy group at the same trimester(p<0.05). The serum phospholipids levels of AA and DHA of the twin pregnancy group were generally higher compared to those of the singleton pregnancy group. Particularly the differences reached at the level of statistical significance for those at the 1st trimester(p<0.01). It is concluded that the study findings imply that fatty acid metabolism may meaningfully differ by the type and stage of pregnancy. Future research needs to be conducted to more elucidate grounding etiology and possible roles of dietary fatty acid intake levels in relation to the study findings.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.181-185
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• 2019

The traditional calculation of gestation length (GL) in Holstein cows relies solely on the insemination day and has a high error rate for actual calving dates. The present study was conducted to develop a more accurate method of estimating GL. Among 3,578 Holstein cows, the number of fetuses had a significant (p < 0.05) effect, with GLs of 282.4 ± 2.5 days for singletons and 276.0 ± 1.6 days for twins. Within the singleton group, the GLs were 284.6 ± 1.9 days for males and 280.3 ± 1.5 days for females, a significant difference (p < 0.05). However, within the twin group, there was no difference in GLs among twin males, twin females, or twins of both sexes. Gestation was significantly shorter for singleton males born from June to August but significantly longer for twin males born in the May to June period (p < 0.05). Neither parity nor housing type was associated with any significant difference in GL. In order to predict the calving dates of Holstein cows accurately and improve their management, calculations should consider the number and sex of fetuses as well as the insemination season.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.101-117
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• 2001

In English, whether or not wh-movement creates weak crossover effects depends upon the type of wh-phrases that cross over. A bare interrogative like who shows a typical weak crossover effect whereas which N type (e.g. which girl) and partitive type (e.g. which of these girls) wh-phrases would show mere weaker and weakest crossover effects, respectively. Previous approaches to English crossover phenomena that resort to a binary notion of specificity or D-linking cannot account for the three-way contrast the three different types of wh-phrases show. To overcome this problem, I argue in this paper that specificity should be a non-binary set-theoretic notion and propose the following subset principle and optimal binding relation: Between two lexical nominal expressions A and B, A is regarded as more specific than B iff the denotation of A comes from a more narrowly defined non-singleton set than B. Between two lexical nominal expressions A and B, if A locally binds B, then the non-singleton set from which the denotation of A comes should be a subset of the set from which the denotation of B comes (i.e. B cannot be more specific than A). The smaller the subset (i.e. the wider the specificity gap between binder and binder), the more optimal the local binding relation is. A locally binds B iff A is coindexed with B, and A c-commands B, and there is no such C that does not bind A but binds B. Finally, I show that partitivity functions to carve out a smaller subset and thus make partitive wh-phrases more specific than simple which N type wh-phrases.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.93.1-93
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• 2001

An evolutionary approach for the design of Fuzzy Logic Systems(FLSs) is proposed. Membership functions(MFs) in Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy logic system is optimized through evolutionary process. Output singleton values are obtained through pseudo-inverse method. The proposed technique is unique for that, to prevent overfilling phenomenon, limited-level RBF membership functions are used and the new fitness function is invented. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, some simulations results on model identification are given.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

This study assessed the impacts of grazing and barn feeding on the reproductive performance of black goats and the growth performance of goatlings to gather basic data for the establishment of an ideal goat-breeding system. A total of 36 Korean black goats were grouped by feeding system (a pasture grazing group and a barn feeding group, n=18) over the 8-month study period from April to November 2011. The difference between the singleton pregnancy rate of the grazing group, measured at 31.5%, and the barn-feeding group's 37.0% was not statistically significant. Also, breeding type did not yield any meaningful differences, with 1.76 live births recorded for the grazing group and 1.69 recorded for the barn-feeding group. In regard to weaner goats, the grazing group showed a higher number compared to the barn-feeding group (p=0.11). The birth weight of the grazing group was measured at 2.3 kg, while that of the barn-feeding group was 2.29 kg, with breeding type yielding no significant differences. The grazing group's weight at 90 days of age was 9.97 kg, which was higher than the barn-feeding group's 9.45 kg (p=0.09). The grazing group showed higher daily weight gain during the lactation period than the barn-feeding group (p=0.13). Overall, with breeding type considered, the grazing group did not show significant differences in terms of the number of live births and birth weights compared to the barn-feeding group; however, the grazing group showed better outcomes in terms of daily weight gain. As it has been shown that grazing satisfies the physiological needs of goats more effectively than barn feeding, we believe that it contributes to the farming of healthy goats.