• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.151-151
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• 2012

A new plasma process, i.e., the combination of PIII&D and HIPIMS, was developed to implant non-gaseous ions into materials surface. HIPIMS is a special mode of operation of pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering, in which high pulsed DC power exceeding ~1 kW/$cm^2$ of its peak power density is applied to the magnetron sputtering target while the average power density remains manageable to the cooling capacity of the equipment by using a very small duty ratio of operation. Due to the high peak power density applied to the sputtering target, a large fraction of sputtered atoms is ionized. If the negative high voltage pulse applied to the sample stage in PIII&D system is synchronized with the pulsed plasma of sputtered target material by HIPIMS operation, the implantation of non-gaseous ions can be successfully accomplished. The new process has great advantage that thin film deposition and non-gaseous ion implantation along with in-situ film modification can be achieved in a single plasma chamber. Even broader application areas of PIII&D technology are believed to be envisaged by this newly developed process. In one application of non-gaseous plasma immersion ion implantation, Ge ions were implanted into SiO2 thin film at 60 keV to form Ge quantum dots embedded in SiO2 dielectric material. The crystalline Ge quantum dots were shown to be 5~10 nm in size and well dispersed in SiO2 matrix. In another application, Ag ions were implanted into SS-304 substrate to endow the anti-microbial property of the surface. Yet another bio-application was Mg ion implantation into Ti to improve its osteointegration property for bone implants. Catalyst is another promising application field of nongaseous plasma immersion ion implantation because ion implantation results in atomically dispersed catalytic agents with high surface to volume ratio. Pt ions were implanted into the surface of Al2O3 catalytic supporter and its H2 generation property was measured for DME reforming catalyst. In this talk, a newly developed, non-gaseous plasma immersion ion implantation technique and its applications would be shown and discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4437-4441
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• 2014

SMAD7 has been identified as a functional candidate gene for colorectal cancer (CRC). SMAD7 protein is a known antagonist of the transforming growth factor beta ($TGF-{\beta}$) signaling pathway which is involved in tumorigenesis. Polymorphisms in SMAD7 may thus alter cancer risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a SMAD7 gene polymorphism (rs2337107) on risk of CRC and clinicopathological features in an Iranian population. In total, 210 subjects including 105 patients with colorectal cancer and 105 healthy controls were recruited in our study. All samples were genotyped by TaqMan assay via an ABI 7500 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) with DNA from peripheral blood. The polymorphism was statistically analyzed to investigate the relationship with the risk of colorectal cancer and clinicopathological properties. Logistic regression analysis revealed that there was no significant association between rs2337107and the risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, no significant association between genotypes and clinicopathological features was observed (p value>0.05). Although there was not any association between genotypes and disorder, CT was the most common genotype in this population. This genotype prevalence was also higher in the patients with well grade (54.9%) and colon (72.0%) tumors. Our results provide the first evidence that this polymorphism is not a potential contributor to the risk of colorectal cancer and clinicopathological features in an Iranian population, and suggests the need of a large-scale case-control study to validate our results.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.300-308
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• 2014

Photoacoustic imaging is a useful tool for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis because it is capable of providing anatomical and pathological information at the same time. A photoacoustic signal detector is a pivotal element to achieve high spatial resolution, so that it should have broadband spectrum with a high center frequency. Since a photoacoustic imaging probe is directly inserted into blood vessel to diagnose atherosclerosis, the total size of the photoacoustic signal detector should be less than 1 mm. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that PVDF can be used as an active material for the photoacoustic signal detector with a high frequency and broadband characteristic. The photoacoustic signal detector developed in this study was a single element ultrasound transducer with an aperture of $0.5{\times}0.5mm$ and the total size of 1 mm. In the design stage, the natural focal depth was adjusted for an effective focal area to cover the region of interest, i.e., 1~5 mm in depth. This was because geometrical focusing could not be used due to the small aperture. Through a pulse-echo test, it was ascertained that the developed photoacoustic signal detector has the -6 dB bandwidth ranging between 40.1 and 112.8 MHz and the center frequency of 76.83 MHz.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2003

Principles of a novel pulse growing method are described. The method realized in the crystal growing on a seed from melts under raw melt feeding provided a more reliable control of the crystallization process when producing large alkali halide crystals. The slow natural convection of the melt in the crucible at a constant melt level is intensified by rotating the crucible, while the crystal rotation favors a more symmetrical distribution of thermal stresses over the crystal cross-section. Optimum rotation parameters for the crucible and crystal have been determined. The spatial position oi the solid/liquid phase interface relatively to the melt surface, heaters and the crucible elements are considered. Basing on that consideration, a novel criterion is stated, that is, the immersion extent of the crystallization front (CF) convex toward the melt. When the crystal grows at a <> CF immersion, the raised CF may tear off from the melt partially or completely due to its weight. This results in avoid formation in the crystal. Experimental data on the radial crystal growth speed are discussed. This speed defines the formation of a gas phase layer at the crystal surface. The layer thickness il a function of time a temperature at specific values of pressure in the furnace and the free melt surface dimensions in the gap between the crystal and crucible wall. Analytical expressions have been derived for the impurity component mass transfer at the steady-state growth stage describing two independent processes, the impurity mass transfer along the <> path and its transit along the <> one. The heater (and thus the melt) temperature variation is inherent in any control system. It has been shown that when random temperature changes occur causing its lowering at a rate exceeding $0.5^{\circ}C/min$, a kind of the CF decoration by foreign impurities or by gas bubbles takes place. Short-term temperature changes at one heater or both result in local (i.e., at the front) redistribution of the preset axial growth speed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.98-105
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• 2016

Group play for sociality is a therapeutic method involving a mixture of various factors, such as targeted activities, perceptions, and physical mobility required in daily life, through group activities to encourage self-expression for the purpose of facilitating sociality. This study was conducted in order to verify its effects by applying it to autistic adolescents who lack communicative ability with others and ultimately to improve their interpersonal relationships and sociality. This study applied a single pre- and post-test experiment design to 8 autistic adolescents with lack of sociality who use a daycare center in Daejeon. The group play for sociality program consisted of two sessions a week for 7 weeks from October to December 2013 for a total of 14 sessions. The sociality of the adolescents before and after the intervention was analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. As a result of the study, the total grades of the E-CLAC and social maturity test showed significant changes from $39.88{\pm}6.78$ to $47.00{\pm}4.28$ and $49.96{\pm}28.00$ to $61.36{\pm}21.75$, respectively. In detail, there were significant changes in the sub-items, such as adjustment in group, following guidance, and increasing behavioral frequency. In conclusion, it was shown that the combined effect of the group activities, including group play for sociality and play activities taking into consideration the developmental stage of the participants, led to a significant improvement in the sociality of the autistic adolescents.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.438-445
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• 1993

Raw cow manure was treated by a 4-step integrated system with phase separation anaerobic digestion and algal culture. When the first methane fermentation was performed by the effluent from the acid fermenter with retention time of 4 days, the elrerage blogas production rate was 977m1/1 culture/day Gas productivity compared to conventional single-stage anaerobic digestion increased up to 31.4%. As the 2nd methane fermenter was fed by the effluent from the first methane fermenter with 4 days of retention time, average amount of 428m1/1 culture/day of biogas was produced. The reduction rate of COD in the effluent from the acid fermenter, the 1st and the 2nd methane fermenter were 71.8%, 42.6% and 24.0% respectively. Finally, we examined algal treatment process for the effluent from the 2nd methane fermenter. A semi-continuous culture of Chlorella sp. PSH3 was conducted by feeding the effluent with retention time of 10days. In this process, the production rate of algal biomass and COD reduction rate were averaged 1.8g/1 culture/day(2.8$\times$106 cells/ml) and 73%, respectively. Through the 4-setp treatments, the total chemical oxygen demand was reduced from 51,300ppm to 85ppm. Therefore, the reduction rate of total chemical oxygen demand reached about 99.8%. The results indicate that the integrated system could be applicable for treatment of organic wastes, concurrently producing biogas and algal biomass.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 1991

Total 28 patients with resectable, locally advanced gastric cancer were entered in our prospective randomized study from June 15, 1988 to Sep. 15, 1990 in Yeungnam University Hospital. This study consisted of curative resection, IORT, external irradiation and combination of chemotherapy. Twenty-four of 28 patients were treated with single dose of 1500 cGy with 9 MeV election intraoperatively. External irradiation of $4300\sim4500$ cGy with 180 cGy per fraction, 5 days per week was started within 4th weeks of postoperative days. Various chemotherapy with or without external irradiation were added for reducing hematogenous and/or peritoneal dissemination and determination of complication of each arm. Duration of follow up was $4\sim31$ months. No serious complication related with radiation were reported compare to resection and chemotherapy only group. Although our follow up period is too short to draw any conclusion, IORT appears to improve local control, hopely further survival. Continuous follow up should be needed for evaluation of real therapeutic gain such as complication vs. improved survival.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.166-170
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• 2002

Powdery mildew of mug bean was found in Suwon on September 2000. Many white and powdery mycelial colonies appeared on leaves of the plants. Conidia with fibrosin bodies were ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, 25~38$\times$16~22 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size and farmed in chains. Conidiophores were erect on superfical mycelium, 67~100 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in length. Foot cells were cylindric with 37~65$\times$10~11 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size. Appressoria were indisdinct. Germ tubes from conidia were simple, not branched. Dark brown cleistothecia were observed on the leaves of mung bean. Cleisto-thecia were globose or subglobose, 85~1130 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size. Wall cells were irregularly polygonal with 15~45$\times$7~26 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Appendages were mycelioid, 6-11 per ascocarp, coloured, throught when mature or paler upwards, 1~7 septa, 192~223$\times$5~7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size. A single sun had in a cleistothecium and was ovoid or subglobose with 62~95$\times$50~67 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size. Ascusspore had 8 spores in an ascus and rarely developed, mostly imatuna ellipsoid-ovoid with 16~24$\times$12~16 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. On the basis of morphological characters of the conidial stage and teleo-morph, the fungus was identified as Sphaerotheca phaseoli.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 1984

The physicochemical properties of starch isolated from two kinds of waxy barley were investigated. The average diameters of starch granules of Changyoung and Smire were 13.6 and 16.6 microns, respectively, and most of starch granules were round shape. X-ray diffraction patterns of two samples were A-types and amylose contents of two waxy barley starches were 4%, blue values and alkali numbers of Changyoung and Smire were 0.22 and 0.18, 5.2 and 4.0, raising powers of them were 167 and 173, respectively. The optical transmitance of 0.1% suspension of waxy barley starches increased rapidly from $51^{\circ}C\;to\;75^{\circ}C$. Amylogram data on 5% of Changyoung and Smire starch solutions showed the gelatinization temperature of 63 and $62^{\circ}C$, maximum peak hight of 920 and 900 B.U., respectively. Waxy barley starches had higher swelling powers than non waxy barley starch. The starch pastes prepared from waxy barleys retrograded much slower than that of non waxy barley.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.770-777
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to determine early hereditary endowment to establish a short-term feeding program. Methods: Hanwoo steers (n = 140) were equally distributed into four groups (35/group) based on genetic meat yield index (MYI) viz. the greatest, great, low, and the lowest at Jukam Hanwoo farm, Goheung. All animals were fed in group pens (5 animals/pen) with similar feed depending on the growth stage. Rice straw was provided ad libitum, whereas concentrate was fed at 5.71 kg during the growing period (6 to 13 mo) and 9.4 kg during the fattening period (13 to 28 mo). Body weight (BW) was measured at two-month intervals, whereas carcass weight was determined at slaughtering at about 31 months of age. The Affymetrix Bovine Axiom Array 640K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip was used to determine the meat quantity-related gene in the blood. Results: After 6 months, the highest (p<0.05) BW was observed in the greatest MYI group (190.77 kg) and the lowest (p<0.05) in the lowest MYI group (173.51 kg). The great MYI group also showed significantly (p<0.05) higher BW than the lowest MYI group. After 16 and 24 months, the greatest MYI group had the highest BW gain (p<0.05) and were therefore slaughtered the earliest. Carcass weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the greatest and the great MYI groups followed by the low and the lowest MYI groups. Back-fat thickness in the greatest MYI group was highly correlated to carcass weight and marbling score. The SNP array analysis identified the carcass-weight related gene BTB-01280026 with an additive effect. The steers with the allele increasing carcass weight had heavier slaughter weight of about 12 kg. Conclusion: Genetic MYI is a potential tool for calf selection, which will reduce the slaughter age while simultaneously increasing carcass weight, back-fat thickness, and marbling score.