• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.41-51
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• 2015

The purpose of the Follies that were constructed for the Gwangju-Biennale were for urban regeneration, to activate the empty old-town areas, and to strengthen the tradition and sense of place of the city. However, the ten Follies constructed around the wall of the old castle reveal many problems including that of leaving Follies alone instead of actively using them, damage to shop-keepers nearby, and pedestrian inconvenience, which is different from the original purposes. This study is meant to help understand the source of the negative phenomena, and to offer plans that will be conductive to the role of urban regeneration through activating the Follies and the spaces around them. As results of the investigation, there was no context giving uniformity among the various Follies. Also, the study showed that the insufficience of designers' understanding of the circumference near the Follies and lack of a consensus between the citizens and designers in the process of making the Follies. The crucial solution for solving these problems, and bringing to life the original purpose of creating the Follies was derived as applying "human activity" to the Follies. This study suggested 'street performance' as an effective device for application to human activity. While a Folly has no fixed function, the development of space program categories based on the applied characteristics of each Folly, and the simulation thereof showed effective potential for attracting people and activating those stagnated spaces. Recently, Gwangju city depicted the second Follies in applications such as reading roon, toilet, and movable food cart, which have clear purpose and different characteristics from the first ones. However, the first Follies will not be moved or demolished. As they are located around the National Asia Culture Center, some of them are supposed to be used to view the center. Consequently, a counterplan for the continuous and efficient use of those Follies is needed. Gwangju has a plan for the installation of 100 Follies throughout the city and it is expected that this study will be a meaningful guide line for improved Follies in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.16-24
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• 2015

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of $6.9{\pm}0.2cm$ and planting density of $10.4{\pm}0.8trees/100m^2$ on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged $8.2{\pm}0.5t/ha$ and $1.7{\pm}0.1t/ha/yr$, respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ and $26.4{\pm}1.5t/ha$, respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.792-800
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• 2012

The study was performed to simulate the reduction efficiency of suspended solids (SS) for cultivated land located at riverine area at the Namhan River and the Bukhan River watershed sites (site A, B, C) under the rainfall conditions using HUFF & SCS UH-based VFS Design module of Web GIS-based VFSMOD System. The study indicates that the field 5% sloped, located at Bukhan River watershed (site A), requires at least 0.5 m width of Vegetative Filter Strip (VFS) to reduce 70% of SS while the field 10% sloped requires the at least 1.0~1.5 m width of VFS to reduce 70% SS, under the condition 106.2 mm of rainfall event and bell pepper or corn of crops. Against the conditions 95.1 mm of rainfall event and sweet potato or soy bean of crops, the field 5% sloped, located at Namhan River watershed (site B) requires at least 0.5 m width of VFS to reduce 70% of SS while the field 10% sloped requires at least 1.0 m width of VFS to reduce 50% SS. The crops sweet potato and soy bean are cultivated in the site C, located at Namhan River watershed, 1 m of VFS is capable of 64.0% and 62.0% of SS reduction against 102.6 mm and 151.2 mm rainfall conditions respectively, for the 5% sloped field. The result supports that VFS is one of most potential methods to reduce SS from cultivated area, which is environment-friendly hydrologic structure. The VFS design, however, needs to be simulated before its installation in the field, the simulation needs to consider not only various characteristics of the field but also different conditions affecting the VFS, using a model capable to consider a lot of factors.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.5-16
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• 2018

In the current study, the engineering behaviour of prebored and precast steel pipe piles was examined from a series of full-scale field measurements by conducting static pile load tests, dynamic pile load tests (EOID and restrike tests) and Class-A and Class-C1 type numerical analysis. The study includes the pile load - settlement relations, allowable pile capacity and shear stress transfer mechanism. Compared to the allowable pile capacity obtained from the static pile load tests, the dynamic pile load tests and the numerical simulation showed surprisingly large variations. Overall among these the restrike tests displayed the best results, however the reliability of the predictions from the numerical analysis was lower than those estimated from the dynamic pile load tests. The allowable pile capacity obtained from the EOID tests and the restrike tests indicated 20.0%-181.0% (avg: 69.3%) and 48.2%-181.1% (avg: 92.1%) of the corresponding measured values from the static pile loading tests, respectively. Furthermore, the computed results from the Class-A type analysis showed the largest scatters (37.1%-210.5%, avg: 121.2%). In the EOID tests, a majority of the external load were carried by the end bearing pile capacity, however, similar skin friction and end bearing capacity in magnitude were mobilised in the restrike tests. The measured end bearing pile capacity from the restrike tests were smaller than was measured from the EOID tests. The present study has revealed that if the impact energy is not sufficient in a restrike test, the end bearing pile capacity most likely will be underestimated. The shear stresses computed from the numerical analysis deviated substantially from the measured pile force distributions. It can be concluded that the engineering behaviour of the pile is heavily affected if a slime layer exists near the pile tip, and that the smaller the stiffness of the slime and the thicker the slime, the greater the settlement of the pile.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

Today each hospital is trend that change rapidly by up to date, digitization and introducing newest medical treatment equipment. So, we introduce new CR system and supplement film system's shortcoming and PACS, EMR, RTP system's network that is using in hospital harmoniously and accomplish quality improvement of medical treatment and service elevation about business efficiency enlargement and patient Accordingly, we wish to introduce our case that integrate reflex that happen with radiation oncology here upon to PACS using CR system and estimate the availability. We measured that is Gantry, Collimator Star Shot, Light vs. Radiation, HDR QA(Dwell position accuracy) with Medical LINAC(MEVATRON-MX) Then, PACS was implemented on the digital images on the monitor that can be confirmed through the QA. Also, for cooperation with OCS system that is using from present source and impose code that need in treatment in each treatment, did so that Order that connect to network, input to CR may appear, did so that can solve support data mistake (active Pinacle's case supports DICOM3 file from present source but PACS does not support DICOM3 files.) of Pinacle and PACS that is Planning System and look at Planning premier in PACS. All image and data constructed integration to PACS as can refer and conduct premier in Hospital anywhere using CR system. Use Dosimetry IP in Filmless environment and QA's trial such as Light/Radition field size correspondence, gantry rotation axis' accuracy, collimator rotation axis' accuracy, brachy therapy's Dwell position check is available. Business efficiency by decrease and so on of unnecessary human strength consumption was augmented accordingly with session shortening as that integrate premier that is neted with radiation oncology using CR system to PACS. and for the future patient information security is essential.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2004

As the environment for international logistics varies according to the globalization in world economy, world-class seaports are struggling for the position as strongholds in their own block. As a new government begins its own era in Korea, they are positively implementing their strategies at the level of government for making the Korean Peninsula the logistics centre in North-eastern Asia, marking the most of its geographic advantage. As one of those strategies, it plans to foster a specific area as an international logistics base camp in Northeast Asia by activating its logistics industry through inducing multinational logistics enterprises. In reality, however, in order for Busan seaport, the late-comer, to induce investment from the world-class multinational companies, a considerably large volume of investment should be given from both central and local governments. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to assess its competitiveness and to suggest an activation plan for BSDFA(Busan Seaport Duty-Free Area), based upon the results of on-the-spot interviews in China and Japan. The survey for the respondent's preference by way of Conjoint Analysis indicated that Investment procedures and limitations get the highest 36.2％ preference, so the most critical strategy to be considered for attracting enterprises into DFA(Duty-Free Area) is to solve the problems related to the investment procedures and limitations. The simulation analysis results for market share showed that UAE has the highest preference and BSDFA the lowest preference among the five countries. However, when the levels of investment procedures and limitations and production costare upgraded, the competitiveness of BSDFA was elevated next to that of UAE among the 5 countries. Thus, in order for BSDFA to obtain competitiveness, it is implied that production cost level as well as investment procedures and limitations level, should be lowered so that it could meet companies' demand.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.49-68
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• 2001

In this chapter, we summarize the results on the optimal location selection and present limitation and direction of research. In order to reach the objective, this study selected and tested the interaction model which obtains the value of co-ordinates on location selection through the optimization technique. This study used the original variables in the model, but the results indicated that there is difference in reality. In order to overcome this difference, this study peformed market survey and found the new variables (first data such as price, quality and assortment of goods, and the second data such as aggregate area, and area of shop, and the number of cars in the parking lot). Then this study determined an optimal variable by empirical analysis which compares an actual value of market share in 1988 with the market share yielded in the model. However, this study found the market share in each variables does not reflect a reality due to an assumption of λ-value in the model. In order to improve this, this study performed a sensitivity analysis which adds the λ value from 1.0 to 2.9 marginally. The analyzed result indicated the highest significance with the market share ratio in 1998 at λ of 1.0. Applying the weighted value to a variable from each of the first data and second data yielded the results that more variables from the first data coincided with the realistic rank on sales. Although this study have some limits and improvements, if a marketer uses this extended model, more significant results will be produced.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.449-461
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• 2013

As the hydrofluoric acid leak in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do or hydrochloric acid leak in Ulsan, Gyeongsangnam-do demonstrated, chemical related accidents are mostly caused by large amounts of volatile toxic substances leaking due to the damages of storage tank or pipe lines of transporter. Safety assessment is the most important concern because such toxic material accidents cause human and material damages to the environment and atmosphere of the surrounding area. Therefore, in this study, a hydrofluoric acid leaked from a storage tank was selected as the study example to simulate the leaked substance diffusing into the atmosphere and result analysis was performed through the numerical Analysis and diffusion simulation of ALOHA(Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres). the results of a qualitative evaluation of HAZOP (Hazard Operability)was looked at to find that the flange leak, operation delay due to leakage of the valve and the hose, and toxic gas leak were danger factors. Possibility of fire from temperature, pressure and corrosion, nitrogen supply overpressure and toxic leak from internal corrosion of tank or pipe joints were also found to be high. ALOHA resulting effects were a little different depending on the input data of Dense Gas Model, however, the wind direction and speed, rather than atmospheric stability, played bigger role. Higher wind speed affected the diffusion of contaminant. In term of the diffusion concentration, both liquid and gas leaks resulted in almost the same $LC_{50}$ and ALOHA AEGL-3(Acute Exposure Guidline Level) values. Each scenarios showed almost identical results in ALOHA model. Therefore, a buffer distance of toxic gas can be determined by comparing the numerical analysis and the diffusion concentration to the IDLH(Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health). Such study will help perform the risk assessment of toxic leak more efficiently and be utilized in establishing community emergency response system properly.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Many edible mushrooms are known to accumulate high levels of heavy metals. This research was focused on health risk assessment to investigate the mushrooms in Korea, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) contaminations in edible mushrooms in cultivated areas were investigated, and health risk was assessed through dietary intake of mushrooms. METHODS AND RESULTS: The heavy metals in mushrooms were analyzed by ICP/MS after acid digestion. Probabilistic health risk were estimated by Monte-Carlo simulation techniques. The average contents of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg were $0.035{\pm}0.042$ mg/kg, $0.017{\pm}0.020$ mg/kg, $0.043{\pm}0.013$ mg/kg, and $0.004{\pm}0.004$ mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that contents of Cd and Pb did not exceed maximum residual levels established by European Uion regulation (Cd 0.20 mg/kg and Pb 0.30 mg/kg). For health risk assessment, estimated intakes in all age populations did not exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake of As and Hg, provisional tolerable monthly intake of Cd, provisional tolerable weekly intake of Pb. The Hazard Index (HI) were ranged from $0.03{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}0.01{\times}10^{-3}$ for As, $0.02{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}0.81{\times}10^{-3}$ for Cd, $0.06{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}0.38{\times}10^{-3}$ for Pb, and $0.08{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}0.14{\times}10^{-3}$ for Hg at general population. CONCLUSION: The HI from the ratio analysis between daily exposure and safety level values was less than 1.0. This results demonstrated that human exposure to heavy metals through dietary intake of mushrooms might not cause adverse effect.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.2 s.116
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• pp.187-197
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• 2006

A mathematical modeling program called Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) was applied to the Yongdam Watershed to examine its applicability for loading estimates in watershed scale. It was run under BASINS (Better Assessment Science for Integrating point and Nonpoint Sources) program, and the model was validated using monitoring data of 2002 ${\sim}$ 2003. The model efficiency of runoff was high in comparison between simulated and observed data, while it was relatively low in the water quality parameters. But its reliability and performance were within the expectation considering complexity of the watershed and pollutant sources and land uses intermixed in the watershed. The estimated pollutant load from Yongdam watershed for BOD, T-N and T-P was 1,290,804 kg $yr{-1}$, 3,753,750 kg $yr{-1}$ and 77,404 kg $yr{-1}$,respectively. Non-point source (NPS) contribution was high showing BOD 57.2%, T-N 92.0% and T-P 60.2% of the total annual loading in the study area. The NPS loading during the monsoon rainy season (June to September) was about 55 ${\sim}$ 72% of total NPS loading, and runoff volume was also in a similar rate (69%). However, water quality was not necessarily high during the rainy season, and showed a decreasing trend with increasing water flow. Overall, the BASINS/HSPF was applied to the Yongdam watershed successfully without difficulty, and it was found that the model could be used conveniently to assess watershed characteristics and to estimate pollutant loading in watershed scale.