• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.48-62
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• 2016

This study was conducted to classify forest vegetation structure and stand feature of Mt. Deogyusan National Park from Hyangjeukbong to Jungbong, 48 plots were surveyed. The type classification of the vegetation structure was performed with Z-M phytosociological method. As a result, Quercus mongolica community group was classified into the Picea jezoensis community, Carpinus cordata community and Tilia amurensis community in community unit. P. jezoensis community was subdivided into Deutzia glabrata group and Viburnum opulus var. calvescens group in group unit. D. glabrata group was subdivided into Acer mandshuricum subgroup and Ribes mandshuricum subgroup and V. opulus var. calvescens group was subdivided into Hemerocallis dumortieri subgroup and Prunus padus subgroup in subgroup unit. In the result of estimating the importance value, it constituted Q. mongolica (23.9%), Abies koreana (14.7%), Taxus cuspidata (10.2%), P. jezoensis (8.2%) and Betula ermanii (7.4%) in tree layer. It constituted Acer komarovii (18.6%), Acer pseudosieboldianum (18.4%) and Q. mongolica (8.9%) in subtree layer. It constituted Rhododendron schlippenbachii (20.7%), A. pseudosieboldianum (17.4%) and Symplocos chinensis (8.5%) in shrub layer. Indicator species analysis of vegetation unit 1 was consisted of Hydrangea serrata, Fraxinus mandshurica and D. glabrata that species prefer moist valley in subalpine or rocks. In the results of analyzing the species diversity, vegetation unit 1, 4 and 5 represented that there were different and complex local distributions. As in the similarity between the vegetation units, the vegetation units 1, 2, 3 and 4 represented high with 0.5 or above. It represented that there wasn't no differences on composition species in vegetation units.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.3 s.178
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• pp.255-268
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• 2006

Recent 22-year (1981-2002) meteorological data of 58 Korea Meteorological Adminstration (KMA) station were analyzed to investigate spatial and temporal variation of surface air temperature (SAT) and ground surface temperature (GST) in Korea. Based on the KMA data, multiple linear regression (MLR) models, having two regression variables of latitude and altitude, were presented to predict mean surface air temperature (MSAT) and mean ground surface temperature (MGST). Both models showed a high accuracy of prediction with $R^2$ values of 0.92 and 0.94, respectively. The prediction of MGST is particularly important in the areas of geothermal energy utilization, since it is a critical parameter of input for designing the ground source heat pump system. Thus, due to a good performance of the MGST regression model, it is expected that the model can be a useful tool for preliminary evaluation of MGST in the area of interest with no reliable data. By a simple linear regression, temporal variation of SAT was analyzed to examine long-term increase of SAT due to the global warming and the urbanization effect. All of the KMA stations except one showed an increasing trend of SAT with a range between 0.005 and $0.088^{\circ}C/yr$ and a mean of $0.043^{\circ}C/yr$. In terms of meteorological factors controlling variation of GST, the effects of solar radiation, terrestrial radiation, precipitation, and snow cover were also discussed based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of the meteorological data.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.101-107
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• 1998

Biological treatment of Arabian light crude oil-contaminated pebble was investigated in laboratory microcosms after supplementation with inorganic nutrients and oil-degrading microorganisms. Glass columns ($10cm{\times}20cm$) were used as microcosms and each microcosm was filled with pebbles of diameter less than 40 mm. After initial oil contamination of 2.4% (w/v), Inipol EAP-22 or slow release fertilizer (SRF) was added as inorganic nutrients and microorganisms were sprayed over pebbles. When $C_{17}$/pristane and $C_{18}$/phytane ratios were used as a marker for oil biodegradation, both ratios for microcosm supplemented with SRF and microorganisms were the lowest (below detectable range) after 92 days. Elimination of oil by abiotic processes, however, were minimal with decrease of $C_{17}$/pristane and $C_{18}$/phytane ratios from 3.55 and 2.41 to 3.06 and 1.50, respectively. The numbers of heterotrophic and oil-degrading microorganisms, and biological activity (dehydrogenase activity) corresponded to the course of biodegradation activities in all microcosms. During the whole experimental period, there was no significant nutrient deficiency only in the microcosm with SRF and microorganisms. It seemed that a continuous supply of inorganic nutrients using SRF was the most important factor for the successful performance of biological treatment in oil-contaminated pebbles.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2011

Transient/time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) soundings were carried out on reclaimed land, since the TEM sounding has good resolution of a conductive and thin overburden. The reclamation material is marine clay dredged from the seafloor, which is currently undergoing consolidation in the upper part of the dredged layer. The conductivity of the marine-origin clay is generally more than 0.3 S/m. The aim of the TEM sounding was to determine the depths of weathered and soft rocks overlain by thick and conductive overburden. The TEM responses were measured at delay times of 0.050-20.575 ms with a $30{\times}30$ m coincident loop array. Data from the TEM inversion and core logging indicate that the resistivities of the conductive overburden are less than 2 ${\Omega}$-m, while those of the weathered and soft rocks are 10-20 and 70 ${\Omega}$-m, respectively. The depth to weathered rock is 26-58 m and the depth to soft rock is 46-75 m.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2010

Background: Smoking reduces pulmonary function and induces various lung diseases. Recently, the rate of emphysema detection has increased due to lung cancer screening with low-dose chest computed tomography (CT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in lung function associated with emphysema in healthy smokers. Methods: One hundred and ninety one healthy smokers, who had undergone a low-dose chest CT (LDCT) scan as part of lung cancer screening and had revisited the health center after a median 23.9 months' time, were recruited into this study. The severity of emphysema was calculated by the direct observation of a radiologist and a pulmonologist indipendently. Longitudinal changes in lung function according to emphysema based on LDCT and type of smoker was analyzed. Results: Of the participants in this study, 25% of healthy smokers had emphysema, which was mild in severity, in older patients (p=0.003) and in heavy smokers (p<0.001). $FEV_1/FVC$ and FEF25-75% were decreased in current smokers with emphysema (p=0.001 and p=0.009, respectively) and without emphysema (p=0.001 and p=0.042). Although lung function was not decreased in ex-smokers without emphysema, $FEV_1/FVC$ and FEF25-75% were decreased in ex-smoker with emphysema (p=0.020 and p=0.010). Conclusion: Upon examination with LDCT, the prevalence of emphysema was higher in healthy smokers was than in non-smokers. Lung function was diminished in smokers with emphysema, in spite of former smoker.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.249-252
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• 2016

Timing, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the introduct of the so-called "smart agriculture". The core factors of precision agriculture, including temperature, humidity, location information, and real summary information, are all significant for ICT controlling technique. The system is a four-season container allowing mushroom product, humidity, illumination, and factors such as carbon dioxide were regulated to create the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation. Hericium erinaceum (also called Lion's Mane Mushroom, Bearded Tooth Mushroom, or Bearded Tooth Fungus) is an edible and medicinal mushroom in the tooth fungus group. During approximately 40 days of incubation, 1.4 kg of oak sawdust was used as the test medium. The humidity, temperature, and $CO_2$ density were maintained at >85-95%, $18-20^{\circ}C$, and 700-1,000 ppm, respectively, in the container type culture system. The time for primordium formation was observed to be 4-7 days. The amount of fruitbody production was 74-95 g per bag. This technique will be used to establish a new community support program, in conjunction with international movement, domestic sales and exports are also planned.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.264-268
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• 2017

In the 21st century, information and communication technology (ICT) worldwide presents a new vision for agriculture. Time and place, as well as the high-tech industry, to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called "smart agriculture," are changing the agricultural landscape. Core container production in precision agriculture for mushroom cultivation, optimal temperature, humidity, irradiation, self-regulation of factors such as carbon dioxide, and environment for mushroom cultivation were adopted. Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is considered to be medicinal in certain practices of traditional medicine. We used different controlled light sources (Blue-Red-White-combined LED, blue LED, red LED, and fluorescent light) with different LED radiation intensities (1.5, 10.5, and $20.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ for LEDs) to compare growth and development. Mushrooms were treated with light in a 12-hour-on/12-hour-off cycle, and maintained in a controlled room at $19{\sim}21^{\circ}C$, with 80~90% humidity, and an atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration of 1,000 ppm for 30 days. Growth and development differed with the LED source color and LED radiation intensity. Growth and development were the highest at $10.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ of blue LED light. After harvesting the fruit bodies, we measured their weight and length, thickness of pileus and stipe, chromaticity, and hardness. The $10.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ blue-LED-irradiated group showed the best harvest results with an average individual weight of 39.82 g and length of 64.03 mm, pileus thickness of 30.85 mm and pileus length of 43.22 mm, and stipe thickness of 16.96 mm with fine chromaticity and hardness. These results showed that blue LED light at $10.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ s exerted the best effect on the growth and development of L. edodes (shiitake) mushroom in the ICT-system container-type environment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1108-1113
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• 2012

The changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) content in paddy soils (sandy loam) were assessed from data of the 59 years fertilization plots in which the continuous rice cropping experiment started in 1954. The treatments were no fertilization(no fert.), NPK fertilization (N, NPK), NPK plus rice straw compost (NPK+C), and NPK plus rice straw compost, silicate fertilizer and lime (NPK+CLS). After 41 years, SOC content in NPK+C and NPK+CLS treatment in surface soils (0~15 cm) reached at the highest, followed by maintaining a plateau level for 8 years. After 51 years, they showed a tendency to decrease. Peak concentrations of soil organic carbon were $20.1g\;kg^{-1}$ in NPK+CLS, $19.1g\;kg^{-1}$ in NPK+C, $13.3g\;kg^{-1}$ in NPK, $11.9g\;kg^{-1}$ in N, and $11.6g\;kg^{-1}$ in control. Dissolved organic carbon(DOC) contents in surface soil solution were about 2.3 times higher in NPK+C than that in NPK+CLS. Therefore, SOC in subsurface soil(15~30 cm) was greater in NPK+C than the other treatments. These results indicate that continuous application of rice straw compost and silicate fertilizer affected significantly on the level of SOC in surface soils, subsurface soils, and soil solutions. Thus, the combined applications of NPK fertilizers with organic compost and silicate as a soil amendment are recommended as the best fertilization practice for soil carbon accumulation, environment conservation, and enhancement of soil fertility status in the continuous rice cropping system.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of the open medial (glenoid-based) anterior-inferior capsular shift in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 19 patients treated by medial anterior-inferior capsular shift for multidirectional shoulder instability from March, 1998 to December, 2003. 15 patients of them have experienced recurrent dislocation. 8 patients(42%) showed bilateral laxity and 11 patients(58%) generalized ligamentous laxity, and 2 patients(10.5%) voluntary subluxation. An average follow-up was 24 months (range : $9{\sim}32$ months). Results: Pain improved in 18 patients of all. There was an average loss of 10 degree of external rotation, but no limitation of activity of daily living. There was no redislocation and subluxation, but two patients had some apprehension in sports activity. With Rowe score, the result was excellent or good in all patients. There were hematoma and local skin problem in 1 patient, but all had healed up. Conclusion: Medial anterior-inferior capsular shift in multidirectional shoulder instability provided satisfactory results in pain relief, patient's satisfactions and stability of glenohumeral joint. Though some of them have anterior gleniod deformities and large Hill-Sachs lesions, we could get good stabilities.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2001

In this paper, a three-dimensional measuring system of thermoluminescence(TL) spectra based on temperature, wavelength and luminescence intensity was introduced. The system was composed of a spectrometer, temperature control unit for thermal stimulation, photon detector and personal computer for control the entire system. Temperature control was achieved by using feedback to ensure a linear-rise in the sample temperature. Digital multimeter(KEITHLEY 195A) measures the electromotive force of Copper-Constantan thermocouple and then transmits the data to the computer through GPIB card. The computer converts this signal to temperature using electromotive force-temperature table in program, and then control the power supply through the D/A converter. The spectrometer(SPEX 1681) is controlled by CD-2A, which is controlled by the computer through RS-232 communication port. For measuring the luminescence intensity during the heating run, the electrometer(KEITHLEY 617) measures the anode current of photomultiplier tube(HAMAMATSU R928) and transmits the data to computer through the A/D converter. And, we measured and analyzed thermoluminescence of $CaSO_4$ : Dy, P using the system. The measuring range of thermoluminescence spectra was 300K-575K and 300~800 nm, $CaSO_4$ : Dy. P was fabricated by the Yamashita's method in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute(KAERI) for radiation dosimeter. Thermoluminesce spectra of the $CaSO_4$ : Dy, P consist of two main peak at temperature of $205^{\circ}C$, wavelength 476 nm and 572 nm and with minor ones at 658 nm and 749 nm.