• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.179-189
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• 1993

It has recently become possible to record electrical activity originating from abnormally conducting myocardium from the body surface with high - gain amplification and averaging technique. These signals, which result from delayed ventricular activation(late potentials), have been recorded in patients with documented ventricular tachyarrythmia. Several electrode lead system for detecting ventricular late potential were introduced. Pyramidal electrode lead system(PLS) is useful. Also interpretation of SAECG in the young could be of value in detecting those at risk for episodic ventricular tachycardia, but suffer from a lack of data in normal young people. Selection of subjects : For this study, normal healthy young adult volunteers (age: mean 24 years) were recruited from the medical students at Yeungnam University Hospital, Internal Medicine. Twenty fourths male and seventeenths female subjects were selected. All subjects had normal resting ECGs as judged from both the standard 12 channel lead and echocardiography, and none had a history of cardiovascular disease. All subjects were considered to be in good general physical condition. Signal-averaged electrocardiography : In order to obtain low noise recordings with a small number of averaging cycles, all subject ware asked to relax completely in the supine position. Silver/silver chloride electrodes were attached after the skin was cleaned with alcohol, to constitute classic flank lead system(FLS) and pyramidal lead system(PLS). Signals were recorded and processed using a commercially available microprocessor-augmented ECG cart(Marquette Electronics, USA) suitable for portable bedside recording. There was no difference between normal values, determined by FLS and PLS at high pass filtering of 25 Hz and 80 Hz, but significant, difference was found in HFLAD and RMS-40 of 40 Hz(p<0.05). These results will provide a basis for interpretations of SAECG, determined by FLS and PLS in healthy young adults with normal QRS duration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.88-89
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• 2013

A variety of influenza A viruses from animal hosts are continuously prevalent throughout the world which cause human epidemics resulting millions of human infections and enormous industrial and economic damages. Thus, early diagnosis of such pathogen is of paramount importance for biomedical examination and public healthcare screening. To approach this issue, here we propose a fully integrated Rotary genetic analysis system, called Rotary Genetic Analyzer, for on-site detection of influenza A viruses with high speed. The Rotary Genetic Analyzer is made up of four parts including a disposable microchip, a servo motor for precise and high rate spinning of the chip, thermal blocks for temperature control, and a miniaturized optical fluorescence detector as shown Fig. 1. A thermal block made from duralumin is integrated with a film heater at the bottom and a resistance temperature detector (RTD) in the middle. For the efficient performance of RT-PCR, three thermal blocks are placed on the Rotary stage and the temperature of each block is corresponded to the thermal cycling, namely $95^{\circ}C$ (denature), $58^{\circ}C$ (annealing), and $72^{\circ}C$ (extension). Rotary RT-PCR was performed to amplify the target gene which was monitored by an optical fluorescent detector above the extension block. A disposable microdevice (10 cm diameter) consists of a solid-phase extraction based sample pretreatment unit, bead chamber, and 4 ${\mu}L$ of the PCR chamber as shown Fig. 2. The microchip is fabricated using a patterned polycarbonate (PC) sheet with 1 mm thickness and a PC film with 130 ${\mu}m$ thickness, which layers are thermally bonded at $138^{\circ}C$ using acetone vapour. Silicatreated microglass beads with 150~212 ${\mu}L$ diameter are introduced into the sample pretreatment chambers and held in place by weir structure for construction of solid-phase extraction system. Fig. 3 shows strobed images of sequential loading of three samples. Three samples were loaded into the reservoir simultaneously (Fig. 3A), then the influenza A H3N2 viral RNA sample was loaded at 5000 RPM for 10 sec (Fig. 3B). Washing buffer was followed at 5000 RPM for 5 min (Fig. 3C), and angular frequency was decreased to 100 RPM for siphon priming of PCR cocktail to the channel as shown in Figure 3D. Finally the PCR cocktail was loaded to the bead chamber at 2000 RPM for 10 sec, and then RPM was increased up to 5000 RPM for 1 min to obtain the as much as PCR cocktail containing the RNA template (Fig. 3E). In this system, the wastes from RNA samples and washing buffer were transported to the waste chamber, which is fully filled to the chamber with precise optimization. Then, the PCR cocktail was able to transport to the PCR chamber. Fig. 3F shows the final image of the sample pretreatment. PCR cocktail containing RNA template is successfully isolated from waste. To detect the influenza A H3N2 virus, the purified RNA with PCR cocktail in the PCR chamber was amplified by using performed the RNA capture on the proposed microdevice. The fluorescence images were described in Figure 4A at the 0, 40 cycles. The fluorescence signal (40 cycle) was drastically increased confirming the influenza A H3N2 virus. The real-time profiles were successfully obtained using the optical fluorescence detector as shown in Figure 4B. The Rotary PCR and off-chip PCR were compared with same amount of influenza A H3N2 virus. The Ct value of Rotary PCR was smaller than the off-chip PCR without contamination. The whole process of the sample pretreatment and RT-PCR could be accomplished in 30 min on the fully integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system. We have demonstrated a fully integrated and portable Rotary Genetic Analyzer for detection of the gene expression of influenza A virus, which has 'Sample-in-answer-out' capability including sample pretreatment, rotary amplification, and optical detection. Target gene amplification was real-time monitored using the integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.158-167
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• 2007

In this study, we have cloned a novel cDNA encoding for a papain-family cysteine protease from the Uni-ZAP XR cDNA library of the polychaete, Periserrula leucophryna. This gene was expressed in Escherichia coli using the T7 promoter system, and the protease was characterized after partial purification. First, the partial DNA fragment (498 bp) was amplified from the total RNA via RT-PCR using degenerated primers derived from the conserved region of cysteine protease. The full-length cDNA of cysteine protease (PLCP) was prepared via the screening of the Uni-ZAP XR cDNA library using the $^{32}P-labeled$ partial DNA fragment. As a result, the PLCP gene was determined to consist of a 2591 bp nucleotide sequence (CDS: 173-1024 bp) which encodes for a 283-amino acid polypeptide, which is itself composed of an 59-residue signal sequence, a 6-residue propeptide, a 218-residue mature protein, and a long 3'-noncoding region encompassing 1564 bp. The predicted molecular weights of the preproprotein and the mature protein were calculated as 31.8 kDa and 25 kDa, respectively. The results of sequence analysis and alignment revealed a significant degree of sequence similarity with other eukaryotic cysteine proteases, including the conserved catalytic triad of the $Cys^{90},\;His^{226},\;and\;Asn^{250}$ residues which characterize the C1 family of papain-like cysteine protease. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the novel gene were deposited into the GenBank database under the accession numbers, AY390282 and AAR27011, respectively. The results of Northern blot analysis revealed the 2.5 kb size of the transcript and ubiquitous expression throughout the entirety of the body, head, gut, and skin, which suggested that the PLCP may be grouped within the cathepsin F-like proteases. The region encoding for the mature form of the protease was then subcloned into the pT7-7 expression vector following PCR amplification using the designed primers, including the initiation and termination codons. The recombinant cysteine proteases were generated in a range of 6.3 % to 12.5 % of the total cell proteins in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain for 8 transformants. The results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis indicated that a cysteine protease of approximately 25 kDa (mature form) was generated. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were determined to be approximately 9.5 and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively, thereby indicating that the cysteine protease is a member of the alkaline protease group. The evaluation of substrate specificity indicated that the purified protease was more active towards Arg-X or Lys-X and did not efficiently cleave the substrates with non-polar amino acids at the P1 site. The PLCP evidenced fibrinolytic activity on the plasminogen-free fibrin plate test.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2009

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most promising next generation nanoelectronic devices which will inherit the throne of CMOS which is the domineering implementation technology for large scale low power digital systems. In late 1990s, the basic operations of the QCA cell were already demonstrated on a hardware implementation. Also, design tools and simulators were developed. Nevertheless, its design technology is not quite ready for ultra large scale designs. This paper proposes a new approach which enables the QCA designs to inherit the verification methodologies and tools of CMOS designs, as well. First, a set of disciplinary rules strictly restrict the cell arrangement not to deviate from the predefined structures but to guarantee the deterministic digital behaviors is proposed. After the gate and interconnect structures of. the QCA design are identified, the signal integrity requirements including the input path balancing of majority gates, and the prevention of the noise amplification are checked. And then the digital logic is extracted and stored in the OpenAccess common engineering database which provides a connection to a large pool of CMOS design verification tools. Towards validating the proposed approach, we designed a 2-bit adder, a bit-serial adder, and an ALU bit-slice. For each design, the digital logic is extracted, translated into the Verilog net list, and then simulated using a commercial software.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.117-122
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• 2008

Although the pulse diagnosis is the one of the most important diagnostic process to traditional medical doctors, there is no proper communication tool between experts and trainees. In this paper, we have developed a indentation training system which consists of a hardware measuring indent pressure on artificial arm quantitatively and a software providing a indentation training program. The hardware for measurement of indent pressure profile includes 3 load cells embedded in the artificial arm, signal amplification part and digitization part, NI-USB 6009 with 200Hz sampling rate. For setting up a relationship table between weights and output voltages, 8 standard weights were used. To evaluate this hardware, 3 oriental medical specialists were involved and their indent pressure profile were recorded three times respectively. From these, it was found that pulse diagnosis process could be divided into 3 periods and the maximum load were $500g{\cdot}f$ approximately while doctors perform a pulse diagnosis. The indentation training program was implemented with LabView and designed to monitor the differences between the pressure profile of a expert and that of a trainee so to offer some visual feedback to the trainee. Also, this program could provide the trends of training performances. With this developed system, the education of pulse diagnosis is expected to be more quantitative and effective.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2006

Ferritin is a major eukaryotic protein and in humans is the protein of iron storage. A partial gene fragment of ferritin (255 bp) taken from the total RNA of Periserrula leucophryna, was amplified by RT-PCR using oligonucleotide primers designed from the conserved metal binding domain of eukaryotic ferritin and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Using the $^{32}P-labeled$ partial ferritin cDNA fragment, 28 different clones were obtained by the screening of the P. leucophryna cDNA library prepared in the Uni-ZAP XR vector, sequenced and characterized. The longest clone was named the PLF (Periserrula leucophryna ferritin) gene and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of this novel gene were deposited in the GenBank databases with accession numbers DQ207752 and ABA55730, respectively. The entire cDNA of PLF clone was 1109 bp (CDS: 129-653), including a coding nucleotide sequence of 525 bp, a 5' -untranslated region of 128 bp, and a 3'-noncoding region of 456 bp. The 5'-UTR contains a putative iron responsive element (IRE) sequence. Ferritin has an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 174 amino acids including a hydrophobic signal peptide of 17 amino acids. The predicted molecular weights of the immature and mature ferritin were calculated to be 20.3 kDa and 18.2 kDa, respectively. The region encoding the mature ferritin was subcloned into the pT7-7 expression vector after PCR amplification using the designed primers and included the initiation and termination codons; the recombinant clones were expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) or E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysE. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed that a ferritin of approximately 18 kDa (mature form) was produced and that by iron staining in native PAGE, it is likely that the recombinant ferritin is correctly folded and assembled into a homopolymer composed of a single subunit.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.166-172
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• 1994

The fiber optic receiver, ETRI APD-FET 1.0, is developed for the application of optical communication. This fiber optic receiver includes PD sub-module and pre-amplifier case. A single lens system is introduced for the PD sub-module. The sub-module consists of the avalenche photodiode(APD), GRIN rod lens, and a single mode fiber. The above components are enclosed into the stainless steel 304L housings. By bevelling the fiber end, the single mode fiber provides less than ~ 28 dB of optical return loss. The area of image focus is controlled by adjusting the length of spacer located in-between the fiber and the GRIN rod lens. The laser welding technique is applied to achieve the maximum coupling efficiency for the joining of each housing. In the pre-amplifier case, GaAs FET pre-amplifier workes for photocurrent amplification and the thermister is mounted to control the APD bias. The performance of ETRI APD-FET1.0 shows the sensitivity of - 30.3 dBm at $10^{-10}$ BER(bit error rate) and 2.5 Gbps optical random signal of $2^{23}-1$ word length. The fiber optic receiver is one of the essensial parts of the transmission module for B-ISDN. Also, the above optical packaging technology will be adapted for the developement of 10 Gbps transmission application 2.5 Gbps 5 Gbps

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.288-289
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• 2000

SBN, BSKNN KNSBN 등의 tungsten-bronze 계열에 속하는 광굴절 결정은 짧은 파장에서 좋은 감광도와 빠른 응답시간을 갖는다. 이중에서도 KNSBN 결정은 큰 크기의 결정 성장 및 도핑이 용이하고 광굴절 결정에서 중요한 특성 중 하나인 열 안정성(thermal stability)이 좋기 때문에 빠른 응답특성이 요구되는 응용분야에서 촉망받는 매질이다. 본 논문에서는 광정보저장, 광정보처리, 광컴퓨터, 광통신과 같은 다양한 분야에서 응용가능성을 가지는 Cu가 0.04wt.%도핑된 5mm$\times$5mm$\times$5mm 크기의 KNSBN 결정을 이용한 광신호의 증폭기술에 대하여 연구하였다. 먼저 Cu-KNSNB 결정의 2광파 결합 특성을 분석하기 위하여, 기록 파장에 따른 지수이득계수의 외부입사각의존성, 최대 지수이득계수를 나타내는 외부입사각에서 입사빔의 세기비에 따른 2광파 결합 이득을 측정하였다. 또한, 632.8nm파장 영역에서 기록 및 삭제시간 상수, 회절 효율의 입사빔 세기비 의존성을 측정하였다. 그리고, 음향-광학 변조기(AOM: acousto-optic modulator)에 의해 진폭 변조된 신호빔을 이용하여 광신호 증폭특성을 분석하고 그 결과를 제시하였다. 이때 두 빔의 입사각은 최대 지수이득계수를 나타내는 입사반각 12$^{\circ}$로 고정하고, 감쇄기를 이용하여 신호빔의 세기를 조절하면서 신호빔의 차동이득을 측정하였다. 투과된 신호빔은 같은 주파수에서 차동 이득(diffrerential gain)을 보였으며, 이는 moving grating과 시간-변조된 신호빔(또는 펌프빔)사이의 새로운 상호작용은 광굴절 결정의 시간 적분 특성에 의한 것이다. (중략) 경우는 상온에서 펌프 펄스의 유지시간이 0.5% 인 경우 레이저가 동작하는 것을 보여주었다. 이는 구조내에서 열전도가 문제가 된다는 것을 의미하는데 위아래가 공기로 둘러 싸여 있어 발생한 열이 가는 유전체 네트웍을 통해서만 전달 될 수 있기 때문이다. (중략)$^4$A$_2$에 의한 nophonon line R$_1$, R$_2$(680.4, 678.5 nm) 및 $^2$T$_1$$\longrightarrow$$^4$A$_2$(655.7, 649.3, 645.2 nm)의 형광방출 스펙트럼을 얻었으며, 형광수명은 0.264 ms로 조사되었다. 제조된 레이저 발진봉은 직경 6.3 m, 길이 45 nm이었다.\pm$0.06kHz Ge $F_4$; -1.84$\pm$0.04kHz$0.04kHz/TEX>0.04kHz 모국어 및 관련 외국어의 음운규칙만 알면 어느 학습대상 외국어에라도 적용할 수 있는 보편성을 지니는 것으로 사료된다.없다. 그렇다면 겹의문사를 [-wh]의리를 지 닌 의문사의 병렬로 분석할 수 없다. 예를 들어 누구누구를 [주구-이-ν가] [누구누구-이- ν가]로부터 생성되었다고 볼 수 없다. 그러므로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻게 생성되는가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.401-410
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• 2006

Dental caries results from localized demineralization of tooth enamel by acids of bacterial origin produced from the fermentation of dietary sugars. A group of related oral bacteria, collectively known as mutans streptococci, are implicated as the primary etiological agents of human caries. Within this group, Streptococcus mutans has been known as a causative agent for dental caries. As well as acid production yielding the demineralization of tooth enamel, adherence and colonization of S. mutans to the teeth are also important for their virulence Cell-surface fibrillar proteins, which mediate adherence to the salivary pellicle are virulence components of mutans streptococci, and primary candidates for a human caries vaccine. Here we report that the AgI/II gene from S. mutans GS-5 were cloned by PCR amplification of the bacterial chromosomal DNA and the integrity of cloned genes were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Sequence analyses showed the sequence alignment of 280 nucleotides between the cloned AgI/II and the reported sequence of S. mutans GS-5 showed the perfect match The cloned genes which signal nucleotide was truncated, were transferred into bacterial expression vector and the recombinant proteins were purified as His-tag fusion proteins In order to generate polyclonal antibodies against the recombinant proteins, AgI/II mr, some $100{\mu}g$ of the proteins was injected into mice three times. It can be used for an effective vaccine production to prevent dental caries caused by pathogenic S. mutans.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.538-545
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• 2004

A new CRT binding factor (CBF) gene designated Cbcbf25 was cloned from Capsella bursa-pastoris, a wild grass, by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of Cbcbf25 was 898 bp with a 669 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative DRE/CRT (LTRE)-binding protein of 223 amino acids. The predicted CbCBF25 protein contained a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) in its N-terminal region followed by an AP2 DNA-binding motif and a possible acidic activation domain in the C-terminal region. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that Cbcbf25 has a high level of similarity with other CBF genes like cbf1, cbf2, and cbf3 from Arabidopsis thaliana, and Bncbf5, Bncbf7, Bncbf16, and Bncbf17 from Brassica napus. A cold acclimation assay showed that Cbcbf25 was expressed immediately after cold triggering, but this expression was transient, suggesting that it concerns cold acclimation. Our study implies that Cbcbf25 is an analogue of other CBF genes and may participate in cold-response, by for example, controlling the expression of cold-regulated genes or increasing the freezing tolerance of plants.