• Journal of Bone Metabolism
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2018

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and error range of hand grip strength measurement using various methods. Methods: Methods used for measurement of hand grip strength in 34 epidemiologic studies on sarcopenia were analyzed. Maximum grip strength was measured in a sitting position with the elbow flexed at 90 degrees, the shoulder in 0 degrees flexion, and the wrist in neutral position (0 degrees). Maximum grip strength in standing position was measured with the shoulder in 180 degrees flexion, the elbow fully extended, and the wrist in neutral position (0 degrees). Three measurements were taken on each side at 30 sec intervals. The uncertainty of measurement was calculated. Results: The combined uncertainty in sitting position on the right and left sides was 1.14% and 0.38%, respectively, and the combined uncertainty in standing position on the right and left sides was 0.35 and 1.20, respectively. The expanded uncertainty in sitting position on the right and left sides was 2.28 and 0.79, respectively, and the expanded uncertainty in standing position on the right and left sides was 0.71 and 2.41, respectively (k=2). Conclusions: Uncertainty of hand grip strength measurement was identified in this study, and a significant difference was observed between measurement. For more precise diagnosis of sarcopenia, dynamometers need to be corrected to overcome uncertainty.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.172-181
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• 2022

Objective: The objectives of this study were to compare the time-dependent changes in occlusal contact area (OCA) and bite force (BF) of the deviated and non-deviated sides in mandibular prognathic patients with mandibular asymmetry before and after orthognathic surgery and investigate the factors associated with the changes in OCA and BF on each side. Methods: The sample consisted of 67 patients (33 men and 34 women; age range 15-36 years) with facial asymmetry who underwent 2-jaw orthognathic surgery. OCA and BF were taken before presurgical orthodontic treatment, within 1 month before surgery, and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. OCA and BF were measured using the Dental Prescale System. Results: The OCA and BF decreased gradually before surgery and increased after surgery on both sides. The OCA and BF were significantly greater on the deviated side than on the non-deviated side before surgery, and there was no difference after surgery. According to the linear mixed-effect model, only the changes in the mandibular plane angle had a significant effect on BF (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There was a difference in the amount of the OCA and BF between the deviated and non-deviated sides before surgery. The change in mandibular plane angle affects the change, especially on the non-deviated side, during the observation period.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-51
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• 2003

To demonstrate the effect of massages on the skeletal muscles of immobilization ddY mice models induced by right side sciatic nerve neurectomy, the cross sectional histological profiles of the muscularis (M) gastrocnemius, M. tibialis cranialis and M. tibialis caudalis were observed after 28 days of treatment of massages with the changes of body weight, thickness of hind limb and individual muscle weights. In addition, changes of serum aspartate amino- transferase (AST) and creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels were also demonstrated with diameter of individual muscle fiber and muscle fasciculata, and number of muscle fiber in each of three types of muscles located in the calf. The experimental groups were divided into five groups, 1) Sham-operated group (Sham), 2) Neurectomized but not massage control group (Control), 3) Neurectomized and massage at knee joint regions (T1), 4) Neurectomized and massage at calf regions (T2), and 5) Neurectomized and massages at achilles tendon regions (T3). The experimental animals were used 5 per groups. The results are as follow: 1. No significant changes of body weight were demonstrated in this groups during whole experimental periods compared to that of Sham group. In addition, no significant changes of body weight gains during experimental periods (Day 0 - Day 27: 28 days of treatment) were also observed. 2. The thickness of intact left side hind limb was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the thickness of right side hind limb were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of thickness of hind limb between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups (T1, T2 and T3) compared to that of Sham group. However, the thickness of right side of hind limb were significantly increased and the differences of thickness between both sides of hind limb were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T1 > T3 > T2. 3. Absolute and relative weight of M. gastrocnemius in the intact left side of hind limb was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. gastrocnemius were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of weight of M. gastrocnemius between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. gastrocnemius were significantly increased and the differences of weight between both sides of M. gastrocnemius were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 >. 4. Absolute and relative weight of M. tibialis cranialis in the intact left side was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis cranialis were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of weight of M. tibialis cranialis between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis cranialis were significantly increased and . the differences of weight between both sides of M. tibialis cranialis were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2. 5. Absolute and relative weight of M. tibialis caudalis in the intact left side was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis caudalis were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of weight of M. tibialis caudalis between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis caudalis were significantly increased and the differences of weight between both sides of M. tibialis caudalis were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2. 6. A significant increase of serum AST levels were demonstrated in Control group. However, serum AST levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2. In case of 73 group, the values decreased into similar levels compared to that of Sham group. 7. A significant increase of serum CK levels were demonstrated in Control group. However, serum CK levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2006

Most patients suffering from TMD appear to have unsatisfactory masticatory function and compromised values of bite force. The purposes of this study were to investigate and compare bite force between affected and unaffected sides of patients with unilateral TMD and to evaluate its relation with duration of TMD. 42 patients with unilateral TMD, from Department of Oral Medicine, Dankook University Dental Hospital, were selected for this study. The ratio of men to women was 9:33 and their mean age of $27.2{\pm}10.4$ years. The bite forces were measured over both canines (for anterior bite force) and $1^{st}$ molars (for posterior bite force) using a bite force recorder while all the subjects were asked to clench successively for 3 seconds not until pain was felt. They were compared with those measured from bilateral TMD patients(N=6, M:F=1:5, mean age: $23.0{\pm}27.3$ years). The unilateral TMD patients were divided into time groups according to duration of TMD on the basis of 1 and 6 months, respectively. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Unilateral TMD patients in this study showed that the affected sides had significantly lower bite force than the unaffected sides(force difference of about 7-8 kgf, p<0.05) while there was no significant sides difference in the bilateral patients. Nor did bite force on the affected sides reveal significant difference between unilateral and bilateral TMD patients. With regards to TMD duration, there was significant difference between the patients with TMD < 6 months and $\geq$ 6 months (p<0.05) while no significant difference existed between < 1 month and $\geq$ 1 month. The results of this study indicated that unilateral TMD patients can exhibit more reduced bite force on the affected sides compared with that on the unaffected sides and that bite force on the unaffected sides might be deteriorated more as longer did TMD last.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2017

This paper investigates minimum safe distances relative to a ship's four cardinal sides, as perceived by Filipino navigators when encountering dangerous elements and in adverse weather conditions when maneuvering in and around harbors. It uses a descriptive research method in the form of a questionnaire survey for experienced Filipino navigators of various ranks. During the course of research, 71 responses were colleted and the resulting data is presented in graphical and tabulated forms. Statistical methods including Pearson-product moment correlations, Cronbach's Alpha and ANOVA were used to identify internal associations, consistencies and significances, respectively. It has been proven that there are no significant differences in minimum safe distances relative to a ship's four cardinal sides, whether maneuvering while approaching a port or within an inner harbor. This study has been deemed significant for training future navigators, managing traffic in fairways, and designing harbors and maneuvering areas in the approaches to ports, among other applications. This work can also be used as a preliminary study for comparison with the well known safe domains presently in use.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.49-55
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• 2016

It is necessary to obtain a fire resistance certification in order to use Fire Protection Coating in Korea. According to the fire test standards, columns have four heating sides and beams have three. In comparison with columns which are heated four sides equally, beams have three exposed sides and one unexposed up side. So the question arises as to there were the differences between the temperature of up side and others of beams in fire test. The purpose of this study is to consider the positions of thermocouples for beams through a comparative analysis of the temperature data obtained from fire certification tests.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.229-240
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• 1999

I examined the isokinetic knee extension mean torque in 30 patients with hemiplegia and 30 healthy subjects matched by age, sex, height, and weight at knee extension velocities of $30^{\circ},\;60^{\circ},\;90^{\circ}$, and $120^{\circ}$/sec. The purpose of this study is as follows: first, to compare isokinetic data between the involved and uninvolved side of patients and healthy subjects. secondly, to determine whether the relative decreases in knee extension mean torque at velocities greater than $30^{\circ}$/sec were different on the two sides. Mean torque of quadriceps on both sides of patients with hemiplegia was significantly less than the mean torque of muscle of healthy subjects at various speeds. Relative decreases in knee extension mean torque differed between speeds, but not between sides. Torque at speed greater than $30^{\circ}$/sec were correlated significantly with the torque at $30^{\circ}$0/sec. These finding indicated that isokinetic testing can provide objective information about quadriceps muscle performance in hemiplegia, and suggested that hemiplegia may have difficulty in moving forcefully at higher speeds than $30^{\circ}$/sec because they are weak. Therapeutic intervention, therefore, might be most beneficial when they are directed toward helping patients with hemiplegia activate their muscle weakness.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2010

Many efforts to understand the deterioration processes of the beeswax-treated volume of "The Annals of Joseon Dynasty" have been made. However, most previous studies have focused on individual sample sheet of the beeswax-treated paper but not book volume format. In this study, humid cycling accelerated aging for duplicated beeswax-treated book volume and Hanji book volume were carried out to examine differences in the deterioration of different parts of each volume as well as between the two book volumes during the aging. As results, it is found that the deterioration rate for the beeswax-treated volume is higher than that for the Hanji book volume. Different parts in each volume show different magnitude of deterioration. In particular, outer sides in both beeswax-treated and Hanji book volumes, which are directly exposed to the air, are deteriorated more seriously than inner sides. It is also observed that inner sides are considerably deteriorated during the aging, implying that inner deterioration may have different mechanisms from outer deterioration.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 1987

This study was carried out to inverstigate the oribatid fauna at Mt. Moak near Chonju, Korea. Samples were taken from 4 sites at the north sides, 200, 300, 500 and 600 above sea levels and south sides, 200, 400, 600, and 700m above sea levels. The results were as follows: Oribatid mites of 37 families, 62 genera, 118 species were collected in this study. Numbers of species were less at high level than at low level sites. Species diversity index was less at high level than at low level sites, and less at the south than at the north side. Species similarity index indicated that there are two types, i.e. "high sea level type", and "low sea level type" at Mt. Moak. According to the MGP analysis-I, most of the sites belonged to "Type G". "Group M" and "Group P" appeared more in the lower level sites.up P" appeared more in the lower level sites.ites.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-20
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• 2012

The current panels for liquid crystal display (LCD) TV sets are all characterized by pins placed on two sides. To manufacture one type of panel, a dedicated mask is needed, and the production line should be started once. Moreover, the whole panel needs to be removed if a dead pixel is found. If the panel, however, will first be fabricated with pins placed on four sides and then divided by a cross-cut into four equal-sized panels with pins placed on two sides, one set of masks can be used to manufacture two types of LCD panels, which was referred to by the authors as dual mode. In this paper, the concept of the dual mode and its differences from the conventional way of producing panels are introduced. Its advantages in boosting production efficiency, improving the product's good rate, and lowering the production cost are also described based on case studies. Of particular importance is the fact that the dual mode is very suitable for the trial production of very-large-area LCD TV sets.