• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.548-561
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• 1989

In single atrial cells isolated from the rabbit the properties of inward current of Na-Ca exchange were investigated using the whole cell voltage clamp technique. The current was recorded during repolarization following brief 2 ms depolarizing pulse to +40 mV from a holding potential of * 70 mV. Followings are the results obtained: 1. When stimulated every 30 seconds, the inward currents were activated and reached peak values 6-12 ms after the beginning of depolarizing pulse. The mean current amplitude was 342 pA/cell. 2. The current decayed spontaneously from the peak activation and the time course of the relaxation showed two different phases fast and slow phase. The time constants were 10-18 ms and 60-140 ms, respectively. 3. The recovery of inward current was tested by paired pulse of various intervals. The peak current recovered exponentially with time constant of 140 ms and 1 p M isoprenaline accelerated the recovery process. 4. Relaxation time course was also affected by pulse interval and time constant of the fast phase was reduced almost linearly according to the decrease of pulse interval between 30 sec and 1 sec. 5. The peak activation was increased in magnitude by long prepulse stimulation, 5 p M Bay K, 1 p M isoprenaline or internal and external application of c-AMP. 6. The relaxation time constant of the fast phase was prolonged by 5 p M Bay K or c-AMP, and shortened by isoprenaline. However the time course of the slow relaxation phase was not so much changed. From the above results, it could be concluded that increase of the calcium current by Bay K or c-AMP results in the potentiation and prolongation of intracellular calcium transient, and the facilitation of Ca uptake by SR might be a mechanism of shortening the time constant of current relaxation by short interval stimulation or isoprenaline.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular manifestations and clinical course in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a 36 month period on consecutive patients who visited an emergency medical center and were diagnosed with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A standardized data extraction protocol was performed on the selected patients. Results: A total of 293 patients were selected during the study period. Cardiac manifestations were observed in 35.2% (n=103) of the patients: hypotension in 11 patients (3.8%), ECG abnormalities in 44 patients (15.0%) and cardiac enzyme abnormalities in 103 patients (35.2%). Echo cardiography was performed on 56 patients with cardiac toxicity: 12 patients had abnormal results (5 patients with global hypokinesia and 7 patients with regional wall akinesia). Five patients died within 3 hours after ED admission, and the remaining patients were discharged alive. At 3 months after discharge, none of these patients had died.The SOFA scores in the severe cardiac toxicity group and non-severe cardiac toxicity group at the time of arrival were $2.53{\pm}2.29$ and $2.19{\pm}2.12$, respectively (p=0.860). Conclusion: Cardiovascular manifestations occur after acute CO poisoning at arateof 35.2%. Even those with severe cardiovascular toxicity recovered well within 10 days after admission. Therefore, the importance of cardiac toxicity after acute CO poisoning is not significant in itself in the clinical course, and the short-term prognosis of cardiac toxicity is unlikely to be unfavorable in acute CO poisoning.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1628-1639
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• 1994

In order to increase the utilization of the computing resources, universities connect a variety of computing resources such as mainframes, workstations, and personal computers via LAN. However, due to management and security reasons, most administrative applications are concentrated on mainframes which is the main cause of large work overload on mainframes for such applications as on-line course registration system where the entire student body must have access to the system during a short period of time. In this study, using a university system as the model and choosing on-line course registration system as the targeted distributed computing. APPC through IBM SNALU 6.2 link is proposed as the most appropriate means of distributed computing for the environment of the model university. In addition, the on-line course registration system is redesigned as client-server model where a mainframe serves as the file server responsible for file input and output and workstations becomes the client. Actual implementation and experiments have shown that the proposed distributed computing system yields a significant reduction in processing time.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.240-248
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• 2020

This study compares and analyzes the tasks and evaluation methods of national technically qualified Skin Esthetic through systematic literature review of prior studies on qualification tests for Skin Esthetic qualification and process evaluation types that have been reorganized based on NCS. The national technical qualification is based on the ability to work through memorization-oriented theoretical tests and simple repetition of functions, and the Qualified qualification is relatively short in the period of test execution, and the reliability of its internal evaluation at the enforcement agency continues to be reduced. In the future, national technical qualification require innovation in the qualification system to reflect skilled demand at industrial sites, and course-based qualification for require supplementation and improvement of education and training courses so that they can learn skilled skills at the site.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.83-94
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• 2002

Within physical therapy education, there has been increased attention to curricula and course that emphasize problem solving, clinical reasoning, and synthesis of information across traditional discipline-specific boundaries. This article describes the development implementation, and outcomes of a problem-based learning course in Physical therapy. The course was designed to help students to integrate the various elements of a physical therapy curriculum and to enhance their abilities to respond to an ever-changing health care environment. An evaluation of the course by the first 50 students who completed it revealed both strengths and weaknesses. Students responded that the course enhanced their professional behavior, including interpersonal communication skills, team work, and follow-through with professional responsibilities. The learning package was developed by the authors and implemented to a college students during three weeks of the first semester of 2001. Most studies which conducted PBL module development were short period or temporary PBL package application and evaluation rather than a whole semester's. While, this study carried on partial integrated PBL curriculum development and application with recomposing content of the two subjects to one subject Physical therapy which includes four PBL packages. This package was developed from a simple concept to complex and partial integrated PBL curriculum application systematically variable learning methods such as discussion, practice, lecture, video. There are 2 classes, each class has 25 students, in the college. Each class has 5 small groups consisting 5 students. Two tutors proceeded discussion charging each class also, they used multiple methods and materials like tutorials, self-directed learning, lecture, and video. The package is 5 grades and 5 hours per week and the rate of discussion, lecture is 4, 1 respectively. One of the most change is the increase of interaction between students and tutors. Whenever students need information and suggestion, they can visit tutors who provide reading materials and guide for the direction of self learning. Therefore, this study describes the PBL package development process and application during one semester recomposing contents of two subjects to Physical therapy concepts. Besides, it will contribute to active application of existing each subject to tutors who intend to convert as PBL methods. The study has significant meaning to show potentiality of partially integrated PBL application, using systematic PBL package development from two subjects contents. However, when students' need of yearning is over the extent of Introduction of Physical therapy and Rehabilitation medicine, tutors should set learning extent. So, there is limitation to attain completely integrated PBL education within one subject, therefore, it is high lighted to proceed development of integrated curriculum to maximize learning effects of PBL. It is exected that partial integrated PBL package development and application will distribute to prosper excellent physiotherapist in practice.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.338-343
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• 2008

An embryonic stem cell is a powerful tool for investigation of early development in vitro. The study of embryonic stem cell mediated neuronal differentiation allows for improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in embryonic neuronal development. We investigated expression profile changes using time course cDNA microarray to identify clues for the signaling network of neuronal differentiation. For the short time course microarray data, pattern analysis based on the quadratic regression method is an effective approach for identification and classification of a variety of expressed genes that have biological relevance. We studied the expression patterns, at each of 5 stages, after neuronal induction at the mRNA level of embryonic stem cells using the quadratic regression method for pattern analysis. As a result, a total of 316 genes (3.1%) including 166 (1.7%) informative genes in 8 possible expression patterns were identified by pattern analysis. Among the selected genes associated with neurological system, all three genes showing linearly increasing pattern over time, and one gene showing decreasing pattern over time, were verified by RT-PCR. Therefore, an increase in gene expression over time, in a linear pattern, may be associated with embryonic development. The genes: Tcfap2c, Ttr, Wnt3a, Btg2 and Foxk1 detected by pattern analysis, and verified by RT-PCR simultaneously, may be candidate markers associated with the development of the nervous system. Our study shows that pattern analysis, using the quadratic regression method, is very useful for investigation of time course cDNA microarray data. The pattern analysis used in this study has biological significance for the study of embryonic stem cells.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2012

As North Korea passed from the Devotion (Jeongseong) movement to the black market (Jangmadang) system, the medical service system in that country was effectively destroyed. North Korean physicians who have successfully defected to South Korea (North Korean defector physicians, NKDPs) have experienced socio-economic hardships on their way to becoming incorporated into the South Korean medical system due to different medico- social cultures, different (English-based) medical terminology, and the clinical knowledge gap between North and South Korea. Since 2009, we have operated programs at the Seoul Medical Center to help NKDPs prepare for the South Korean medical licensing examination. These programs consist of clinical education at the medical center, personal mentoring, arrangement of educational programs at the medical college, mock tests at the consortium, and administrative aid. Looking forward, we hope to achieve the following: 1) More systematic support plans are needed involving medical education experts, field physicians, and experts on reunification. 2) An evaluation of defector physicians' current medical knowledge may provide information about the areas where supplementary education is most needed and the standards for certificating licenses. 3) In the short term, a customized glossary should be developed to assist defector physicians prepare for the examination. 4) To secure internships and residencies is the most important issue for further sustained training of NKDP physicians to become good clinicians after certification. Hopefully, this short report on the current ongoing educational course will lead to more extensive discussion.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.487-497
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• 2008

This study was the research of the satisfaction of participation in short DIY Woodworking program organized by university as productive leisure activity. It is the study of what satisfactions-factors of the participants are and how the satisfaction is continued with activities of the participants later on, and finally how the satisfaction influences the choice of leisure activity further. Questionnaire is consist of total 41 survey standards like the article for facility, education, service and cost & the demographic contents of the participants. It was executed by the participants in program at sight from Aug. $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ 2008, and the valid samples 156 copies were definitely analyzed. The result of analysis shows first that the majority of the participants in the short leisure program are the beginner who took part in such program for the first time. What them interests are the convenient facility & use of tools. Second, the reasonable fees in terms of material cost & preparation of personal tools influenced positively on satisfaction of participation. Third, the dissatisfaction of participants regarding educational method and service could be solved by that the trainer who makes practical lesson had been informed of the course in advance.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.129-143
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• 1999

Plasmodium vivax malaria, which was highly prevalent in the Republic of Korea, disappeared rapidly since 1970s. However, malaria re-emerged with the first occurrence of a patient in 1993 near the demilitarizd zone (DMZ), the border between South Korea and North Korea. Thereafter, the number of cases increased exponentially year after year, totaling 6,142 cases (6,249 if United States Army personnels were included) by the end of 1998. Interestingly enough, the majority of cases (3,743; 61%) was soldiers aged 20-25, camping around the northern parts of Kyonggi-do or Gangwon-do (Province) just facing the DMZ. Among 2.399 civilian cases, 1,144(47.%) were those who Provinces. The re-emerging malaria characteristically revealed a combination type of short and long incubation periods with predominance of the long type. The course of illness was relatively mild, and the treatment was successful in most patients. Vector mosquitoes are Anopheles sinensis and possibly A. yatsushiroensis. Wide-scale preventive and control measures should be operated to eradicate this re-emerging disease. It has been suggested by many authors that the initial source of the re-emerging malaria was infected mosquitoes which had flown from the northern part of the DMZ.

• 전기의세계
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 1976

The main purpose of this paper is to study on the transient current due to the change of environmental temperature under no external field in the arrangement of M$_{1}$(metal)-P(polyver)-M$_{2}$(metal). The specimer of polymeric insulator sandwiched by two metal electrodes composes a parallel-plate condenser represented by Maxwell-model. The behaviors of short circuit current flowing in M-P-M arrangement are very complex and the analysis of its conduction mechanism appears to be much complicated. In this paper we can suggest that a contact potential difference as an energetic state exists in the thin film specimen both sides of which are contacted by two different metals having different cook functions. Futhermore the contact potential difference appears to be constant through the course of temperature change, however, the dielectric constant and caparitance of the specimen must be temperature dependent. Accordingly the charge difference induced on both sides of electrodes may be a cause for the shory circuited transient current flowing through the external circuit. It is also suggestive that the results of the observation must be considered in cases of insulation design of electrical machines and D.C. cable for high voltage use.