• Title/Summary/Keyword: Shiranuhi mandarin

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Effect of Scion Root Occurrence on the Flowering, Fruit Quality and Yield of 'Shiranuhi' Mandarin Hybrid in Plastic Film House

  • Kang, Seok-Beom;Moon, Young-Eel;Kim, Yong-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.46 no.6
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    • pp.525-529
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    • 2013
  • As most of citrus, shiranuhi mandarin ((Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata) mainly use the trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) as its rootstock which has dwarf and cold hardness in Korea. However, recently, scion root was observed in 'Shiranuhi' mandarin tree grafted onto the trifoliate orange. This study was carried out to find out effects of scion root occurrence on the fruit quality, flowering and yield of shiranuhi mandarin. For the experiment, we selected six farmers who have outbreak of scion root in their Shiranuhi mandarin orchards and surveyed the difference of fruit quality of shiranuhi mandarin hybrid between scion root and control (trifoliate orange root). In the results, flowering was severely decreased in scion root trees compared to control. As a result of survey of 174 Shiranuhi mandarins, 160 trees were proved to be scion root, and had less flowering. Fruiting of scion root also severely dropped compared to control and thus, yields of scion root (6.4 kg) reduced by 24% compared to control (26.7 kg). The fruit size, weight and soluble solid contents of scion root were significantly reduced, but there were no differences in acid contents and coloring of fruit. From the results, we concluded that scion root had negative influence on flowering, fruit size and the yields of Shrinanuhi mandarin hybrid.

Effect of Harvesting Season on the 6-Cryptoxanthin in Shiranuhi Mandarin Fruit Cultivated in Jeju Island

  • Heo, Ji-Man;Kim, Do-Hyun;Kim, In-Jung;Lee, Sam-Pin;Kim, Chan-Shick
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.219-223
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    • 2005
  • [ $\beta-Cryptoxanthin$ ] content was determined in Shiranuhi mandarin fruits harvested at monthly intervals from October to February in Jeju Island. Crude carotenoids were extracted from both peel and flesh of Shiranuhi mandarin fruits and analyzed using TLC and HPLC; $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ was indicated the Rr value of 3.2 and retention time of 23 min, respectively. $\beta-Cryptoxanthin$ contents in both peel and flesh were increased gradually as the citrus fruits ripened fully until harvesting season (February). According to the harvesting time, $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ contents in the peel were $0.15\;mg\%\;(October),\;0.28\;mg\%\;(November),\;0.38\;mg\%\;(December),\;1.23\;mg\%\;(January),\;and\;1.71\;mg\%\;(February).$In the flesh, $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ contents were lower than those of peels, having $0.06\;mg\%\;(October),\;0.08\;mg\%\;(November),\;0.19\;mg\%\;(December),\;0.26\;mg\%\;(January),\;and\;0.65\;mg\%\;(February).$ These results demonstrate that $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ in Shiranuhi mandarin fruits accumulated during ripening of the citrus fruits. In particular, the peels had much higher concentrations of $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ and have potential for use as a functional ingredient.

Outbreak of Scion Root from 'Shiranuhi Mandarin' Hybrid Tree in Plastic Film House (부지화 감귤에서 자근의 발생)

  • Kang, Seok-Beom;Moon, Young-Eel;Lee, Dong-Hoon;Kim, Yong-Ho;Han, Seung-Gab;Chae, Chi-Won
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.313-317
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    • 2012
  • BACKGROUND: Citrus is usually propagated by grafting onto a rootstock. In Korea, As trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) has dwarf and strong cold hardness, it is widely used as the rootstock of satsuma mandarin. Because 'Shiranuhi' ((Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata), a kind of citrus, also, generally is grafted onto a trifoliate orange, most of farmer has been recognized that 'Shiranuhi' root is naturally trifoliate orange. Meanwhile, reduction of flowering in 'Shiranuhi' orchard has been issued among the farmers and researchers over past few years and they guessed it was occurred by severe prune, oversupply of fertilization, overfruiting and temperature of growth period. However, a few researchers strongly assumed that it would be caused by scion rooting of 'Shiranuhi'. So, this study was carried out to identify the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi' tree in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: To identify the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi' tree, we randomly selected six 'Shiranuhi'orchards and we surveyed three to four trees, which flowering was not enough, from six 'Shiranuhi' orchards respectively. We took the root samples of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin, and then separated the two group which were non-scion rooting (Trifoliate orange), and scion rooting ('Shiranuhi' mandarin). To identity the scion rooting, we used primer set of three types which were a F2/R15, F4/R15 and F5/R15 primer set. As a result, when we conducted the DNA analysis, fourteen tree in less bloomed twenty tree was proved as tree with the scion rooting of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin. CONCLUSION(S): Scion roots of 'Shiranuhi'mandarin were usually observed in a deeply planted tree, and xylem of 'Shiranuhi' root indicated more white color than a case of trifoliata orange. 'Shiranuhi' tree by scion rooting was more vigorous but less flowering than trees grafted onto trifoliata orange. When we used F2/R15, F4/R15 and F5/R15 primer set for discriminance of 'Shiranuhi'mandarin root and trifoliate root, we identified the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi', From our results, it is suggested that the influence of scion root should be reviewed in 'Shiranuhi'orchards.

Effect of Girdling on the Flowering and Yield in Scion Rooted 'Shiranuhi' Mandarin grown in Plastic Film House (부지화 자근발생 감귤나무의 착화와 수량에 미치는 환상박피의 영향)

  • Kang, Seok-beom;Moon, Young-eel;Han, Seung-gab;Lee, Hye-jin;Choi, Yeong-hun
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.256-262
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    • 2016
  • BACKGROUND: 'Shiranuhi' mandarin is one of the popular citrus cultivars in Jeju Island, Korea. However, the emergence of scion roots since the past few years has altered its flowering, fruiting, and quality. Girdling of branches is one of the methods of increasing flowering in citrus trees. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of girdling on the flowering and yields of scion rooted 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid. We selected normal trees without scion roots as controls. The trees with scion roots were divided into two groups: trees without girdling and with girdling on main branches. Each group contained five replications and the experiment was conducted in Gosan and Harye of Jeju Island. The scion rooted trees revealed severely decreased flowering and low flowering/leaf ratios; however, the leaf/fruit ratio significantly increased. But, girdling on main branches significantly increased flowering and the flowering/leaf ratio. In the scion rooted trees, yields dropped due to poor flowering; however, girdling of branches efficiently improved the yields of the trees. Fruit quality, fruit size, and fruit weight of scion rooted trees were low in comparison with the control, whereas girdling of the branches improved flowering and the fruit weight to some extent. No significant difference in soluble solid contents was observed. CONCLUSION: Girdling is an effective method to induce flowering of the scion rooted 'Shiranuhi' mandarin trees. In addition, yields of scion rooted trees were improved.

Evaluation of Potential of Mandarin Hybrid 'Shiranuhi' against inoculation of Bacterial Canker Disease Pathogen (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) in Citrus Field in Jeju Island

  • Hyun, Jae-Wook;Myung, Inn-Shik;Lee, Seong-Chan;Kim, Kwang-Sik;Lim, Han-Cheol
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.248-252
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to evaluate potential of Shiranuhi cultivar against inoculation of causal pathogen of citrus canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Jeju Island by comparing degree of susceptibility of fruits and leaves/twigs, and analysis of incidence of canker disease. Progression of symptom, disease incidence, and percent area of lesion were surveyed for evaluation of resistance. In greenhouse condition, symptoms of bacterial citrus canker progressed more rapidly in sweet orange, a moderately susceptible cultivar, than in other four cultivars (satsuma mandarin, 'Kiyomi', 'Shiranuhi' and 'Yuzu'). At 20 days after inoculation, disease severity was the highest in sweet orange (5.0$\pm$0.0), and all tested leaves were distorted or had dropped. On the other hand, 'Yuzu' showed the lowest disease severity (2.6$\pm$0.47), followed by 'Kiyomi' (4.0$\pm$0.0), 'Shiranuhi' (4.0$\pm$0.82), and satsuma mandarin (4.3$\pm$0.47). Percent area of lesion per leaf 30 days after inoculation was the highest in sweet orange (8.31$\pm$1.78), followed by satsuma mandarin (1.51$\pm$1.25), 'Shiranuhi' (1.39$\pm$0.94), and 'Kiyomi' (1.1$\pm$0.9), while the lowest was in 'Yuzu' (0.26$\pm$0.17). Infield condition, percentage of diseased leaf in 'Shiranuhi' was very low, 5.2$\pm$2.9, compared with sweet orange, 71.0$\pm$ 11.5, while that of satsuma mandarin and 'Kiyomi' were 6.9$\pm$7.0 and 4.3$\pm$2.0, respectively. Percentages of diseased leaf was higher (17.4$\pm$7.1) than that of diseased fruit (3.2$\pm$2.5) in severely diseased trees of Shiranuhi cultivar, and the disease was not observed on twig in open field condition. Lesion sizes on leaves and fruits in open field condition were 4.1$\pm$2.2 mm2 and 5.1$\pm$5.6 mm2, respectively, while those in greenhouse condition were 8.7$\pm$5.7 mm2, 10.4$\pm$9.2 mm2 and 5.6$\pm$2.6 mm2 on leaves, fruits and twigs, respectively. The disease was observed in 5.6% out of total 107 farmers Shiranuhi fields under polyethylene film house, and average percentages of diseased tree in 31 fields of Shiranuhi cultivar and adjacent satsuma mandarin fields were 0.02% and 14.8%, respectively. Average percentage of diseased fruit was 1.6% in satsuma mandarin which was not observed in anyone of all the 31 Shiranuhi farmers fields. Therefore, it was concluded that 'Shiranuhi' cultivar is not potential against causal pathogen of citrus canker disease in Jeju Island because the cultivar has similar resistance as satsuma mandarin which occupies over 95% of total 25,000 ha in Jeju Island in polyethylene film houses protected from outside.

Effect of Occurrence of Scion Root on the Growth and Root Nutrient Contents of 'Shiranuhi' Mandarin Hybrid grown in Plastic Film House (자근발생이 부지화 감귤나무의 수체 생육과 뿌리내 양분함량에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Seok-Beom;Moon, Young-Eel;Yankg, Gyeong-Rok;Joa, Jae-Ho;Han, Seong-Gap;Lee, Hae-Jin;Park, Woo-Jung
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.154-158
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    • 2019
  • BACKGROUND: 'Shiranuhi' mandarin is a major cultivar among all late ripening type of citrus, and is widely cultivated in Korea. However, many farmers have reported scion root problems in their orchard resulting in reduced flowering and fruiting. It is necessary that the physiology of scion-rooted 'Shiranuhi' mandarin trees is further understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was conducted to understand the growth response and physiology of scion-rooted 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrids. In our study, 'Shiranuhi' mandarin trees were divided into two groups: trees without scion roots (control) and trees with scion roots. The experiment was conducted in Seogwipo of Jeju, with ten replicates for each group. Growth of trees with scion roots was more vigorous and the trees were taller than the controls. Tree height and trunk diameter of scion-rooted trees were significantly higher than those of control trees. Exposed length of rootstocks of scion-rooted trees was significantly lower (by about 2 cm) than that of control trees (8.6 cm). In terms of root nutrition, carbon contents of scion-rooted trees was significantly lower than that of control trees, but nitrogen and potassium concentrations in scion roots were significantly higher than those in control roots. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, we infer that growth of scion-rooted trees was very vigorous and the content of nitrogen in these roots was higher than that in the control tree roots. Thus, the carbon/nitrogen ratio of scion roots was significantly lower than that of the control roots.

Long-term Elevated Temperature Affects the Growth and Quality of 'Shiranuhi' Mandarin Grown in a Green House (장기간 온도상승이 시설재배 '부지화'의 수체 생장 및 과실 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Misun Kim;Young-Eel Moon;Sang Suk Kim;Jaeho Joa;Seok Kyu Yun;YoSup Park
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.318-327
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    • 2022
  • BACKGROUND: The mean annual temperature of the Korean Peninsula will continue to rise due to global warming. 'Shiranuhi' mandarin-a late-harvest cultivar-is primarily cultivated in plastic greenhouses where high temperatures cannot be directly avoided. Therefore, growth and fruit quality changes under elevated temperatures must be investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Elevated temperatures were divided into three groups [2℃ (T-I), 4℃ (T-II), and 6℃ (T-III) above the ambient temperature] during the 2019-2020 season. Mean temperatures were 17.1℃, 18.6℃, and 20.2℃ in T-I, T-II, and T-III, respectively. The bud bursts in T-II and T-III were earlier than that in T-I at 7 days and 11 days, respectibely. And the full blooms in T-II and T-III were earlier than that in T-I at 11 days and 23 days, respectively. Fruit size significantly increased with increased temperature. The citrus color index in the coloring phase markedly differed across treatments. Further, total soluble solid and acid contents markedly changed with temperature rise but the sugar-to-acid ratio did not. Sucrose content tended to decrease with increase in temperature, but citric acid content remained unaffected. CONCLUSION(S): Elevated temperature accelerated plant growth and development but delayed rind color development in 'Shiranuhi' mandarin. Therefore, rise in ambient temperature by >4.6℃ may negatively affect yield and fruit quality.

Projection of Potential Cultivation Region of Satsuma Mandarin and 'Shiranuhi' Mandarin Hybrid Based on RCP 8.5 Emission Scenario (RCP 8.5 기후변화시나리오에 근거한 온주밀감과 '부지화'의 잠재적 재배지 변화 예측)

  • Moon, Young-Eel;Kang, Seok-Beom;Lee, Hyejin;Choi, Young-Hun;Son, In-Chang;Lee, Dong-Hoon;Kim, Sung-Ki;An, Moon-Il
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.215-222
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    • 2017
  • The potential change of the cultivation area of main citrus cultivars, satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid [(Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata] were determined with base year (1981 to 2010) to 2090. The meteorological data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), and the digital agricultural climate map of 30m-solution based on the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 was used for projection of potential cultivation area. As a result, the potential suitable region of satsuma mandarin included almost Jeju region during base year. At the 2030s, the potential suitable region of satsuma mandarin increased and the cultivable region also increased focused on the coast region of Jeonnam province. From the 2060s, the suitable area spread out to mountain area of Jeju, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and the coast region of Kangwon, and the cultivable region expanded to the area of Gyeongbuk, Chungnam, and Jeonbuk. In the case of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid, the suitable region included only the partial coast area of Jeju, and cultivable area covered Jeju region and the partial southern coast of Jeonnam during the standard period. At the 2030s, the suitable region of 'Shiranuhi' included the current cultivation area of satsuma mandarin, and the cultivable region moved to northward by the partial southern coast region. At the 2090s, the slightly increased suitable region covered all Jeju regions, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and the coast area of Kangwon, and the cultivable region proceeded northward focusing on the coastline. In conclusion, the prediction of the potential land for citrus cultivation based on the RCP 8.5 showed that the suitable region of satsuma mandarin decreased, whereas that of cultivation of 'Shiranuhi' increased. Moreover, it was forecasted that citrus cultivation area would extend to Kangwon region at the end of the $21^{st}$ century.

Gene Expression as Related to Ripening in High Temperature during Different Coloration Stages of 'Haryejosaeng' and 'Shiranuhi' Mandarin Fruits (온주밀감 '하례조생'과 '부지화' 과실의 착색 단계별 고온에 의한 성숙 관련 유전자의 발현 변화)

  • Ahn, Soon Young;Kim, Seon Ae;Moon, Young-Eel;Yun, Hae Keun
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.665-676
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    • 2016
  • As high temperature during citrus growing season has caused a serious problems including inferior coloration in production of mandarins in Korea, we were to investigate the expression pattern of several genes related with coloration during the ripening in high temperature condition of citrus fruits. The expression of genes related with sugar metabolism, cell wall degradation, and flavonoid synthesis in high temperature conditions was investigated in fruits of 'Haryejosaeng' (Citrus unshiu) and 'Shiranuhi' mandarin (C. reticulata). While the expression of beta-amylase (BMY), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) was differently induced, expression of polygalacturonase (PG) decreased dependently on temperature conditions. In 'Haryejosaeng' mandarin, while the expression of genes related to the skin coloration, such as CHS and F3H genes increased at $25^{\circ}C$, the expression of PAL and stilbene synthase (STS) genes were induced at $30-35^{\circ}C$ in all ripening stages. In 'Shiranuhi' mandarin, the expression of the BMY gene decreased at early time point in all temperature condition and then increased at $30-35^{\circ}C$ than at $25^{\circ}C$ in the ripening stage 2 to 3 of fruits. F3H and STS genes also showed the tendency to decrease at $30-35^{\circ}C$. Although the expression levels of genes in ripening stage 1 and stage 2 of fruits showed similar patterns in both 'Haryejosaeng' and 'Shiranuhi', the expression levels of genes were down-regulated in late ripening stage of 'Shiranuhi' fruits compared to 'Haryejosaeng'. In general, the mRNA levels of seven tested genes were higher in 'Haryejosaeng' than in 'Shiranuhi' mandarin, and expression of genes by high temperature was regulated sensitively in 'Haryejosaeng' compared to 'Shiranuhi' mandarin. Further investigations of expression of various genes based on transcriptome analysis in early ripening stage can provide valuable information about the responses to climatic changes in ripening citrus fruits.

Characterization of the host reaction of some citrus plants with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, causing citrus bacterial canker disease.

  • Myung, Inn-Shik;Hyun, Jae-Wook;Kim, Kwang-Sik;Lee, Sung-Chan;Lim, Han-Chul
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.120.3-121
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    • 2003
  • Relative degree of resistance of citrus to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the causal bacterium of canker, was investigated. Growth rate of a bacterium in leaf tissues after infiltration, disease incidence, and percent of lesion area were compared. By using growth rate[(GR=(At - A$\sub$t-1/)/A$\sub$t-1] host plants were differentiated into susceptible and resistant. Growth rates reached to peak at 40 hrs after inoculation and then declined. The growth rate in leaf tissues of a moderately susceptible cultivar, Citrus sinensis vu. Lane late(sweet orange), was the highest, and those of C. unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis(kiyomi), C. junos(yuzu), [(Citrus. unshiu x C. sinensis) x C. reticulata] (shiranuhi), and C. unshiu(satuma mandarin) were similar. This result indicates that the growth rate of the bacterium in leaf tissues can be effectively used for evaluation of disease resistance for citrus plants to X. axonopodis pv. citri. The disease on sweet orange occurred earlier than relatively resistant citrus plants tested. The percent of lesion area on leaf was also higher in sweet orange than those of satsuma mandarin, shiranuhi and kiyomi, and yuzu. The disease severity was highest on sweet orange and followed by kiyomi, shiranuhi, satsuma mandarin, and yuzu.

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