• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2014

In recent, the maritime traffic has increased with an increase in international trading volumes and the growing popularity of marine leisure activities. As increasing of maritime traffic, marine accidents happened continually and there are possibilities of accidents at sea. According to the analysis of marine accidents, most accidents occurred by human error of seafarers. To reduce the accidents by human error, the various assistance system for assist seafarers have been proposed. It is required to real-time data management method for applying to real-time system, but most proposed assistance system used off-line data for analysis. In this paper, we aim to build a navigation supporting system for providing safety information to deck officer with data of AIS(Automatic Identification System) and ARPA Radar(Automatic Radar Plotting Aids Radar), and proposed a management algorithm for real-time ship information with blackboard system and verified the validity.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2014

Faced with global agenda of greenhouse abatement program including regulations and $CO_2$ emission trading scheme, shipping companies are enforced to a high level of efficiency in fuel consumption. Accordingly shipbuilding companies worldwide are required to develop fuel-efficient ships which otherwise traditionally consume a great amount of fossil fuels. In this dissertation, relevant to the improvement of fuel efficiency for commercial ships, design methodology through the numerical simulations are intensively described. This work consists of derivation of effective hydrodynamic design practice based on the application of longitudinal grooves to effectively improve the pressure distribution around ship hull. The primary objective of the present study is to improve ship resistance performance using longitudinal grooves which originate from long strips on the abdomen of humpback whale. Several groove shapes have been extensively investigated and the proposed shape efficiently controlled the variation of pressure distributions acting on the hull surface.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.287-311
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• 2013

In this study, the scope of previous logistics security were focused only on port and ship. Because of it now extends to the overall (export and import) supply chain areas and in regards with supply security programs in the international level, it reviewed supply chain security programs categorized them into 'ships and port security system', 'container screening system', 'logistics chain authorization system' which are expanded to be adopted in the international level. The major features of those programs are summarized as in building risk management system, providing information ahead, selectivity test and benefits to AEO authorized companies in the customs administration level. The government and companies which are to ensure supply chain security and trade facilitation in order to cope actively with international customs administrative atmosphere need to do the followings : First, they need to build an intra-government integrated supply chain security and make efforts to conclude AEO MRA in order to increase trade competitiveness among major trading countries. Second, they need to build supply chain risk management system in order to enhance management performance through overseas market and company level strategy to obtain and maintain AEO authorization in the company level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.22 no.50
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• pp.23-32
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• 1999

Reliability and maintainability allocation in the analysis of the system's design, with the objective of planning and installing the individual components in such a way that the system performance is achieved. This paper has been made to solve an important task in reliability management of manufacturing systems within the general objective being to increase productivity while maintaining costs low. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical approach to determine an optimal reliability and maintainability allocation, trading off among system performance and parts investment costs. Two important considerations will be addressed in this regard : (ⅰ) determine the reliability and maintainability allocation of parts which maximizes a given production index, having fixed the total cost of investments ; and (ⅱ) determine the reliability and maintainability allocation which minimizes the total cost of investments, having fixed a minimum acceptable level of productivity. The procedure proposed in this paper is able to provide to managers and designers useful indications on the reliability and maintainability characteristics of parts in series -parallel systems. And this heuristic model is a decision support tool for contractors who are involved in large scale design projects such as ship and aircraft design. Numerical examples prove that an approximate expression of the average throughput rate is sufficiently accurate to be used in a numerical optimization method.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.317-324
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• 2010

Marine transportation by ships is characterized by remote, large-volume and lower rates than the others carry system. Ships account for over 80% of all international trading, and marine transportation is an internationally competitive, strategic, and great national important industry. The construction of larger and faster ships has brought about many problems such as cavitations and erosion corrosion. Cavitations and erosion corrosion make damages on materials and leads to break down members due to continuous physical contacts with shock waves and fluids from the generation and extinction of air bubbles in sea water vortex. The steel used for ship constructions was spray-coated with Al wire, and additionally sealed with fluorine silicone sealing material. Results of experiment, corrosion resistance of sealed thermal spray coating was improved, however in cavitation resistance, the large effect was not appeared. Accordingly, this study applied for thermal spray coating to provide better electrochemical characteristics and corrosion resistance in marine environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 2019

The recent increase in crude oil trading has led to an increase in the workings of SPM for crude oil carriers. VLCCs generally encounter difficulty entering port due to limitations in terms of sea depth and maneuverability. The SPM is a system that allows mooring to the buoy located in the outer sea for such vessels. However, the buoy is more affected by relatively external forces because of their of shore location. Therefore, the safety assessment of SPM is particularly important as it can lead to large oil pollution disasters in the event of SPM accidents. Despite this, in the implementation of the Marine Traffic Safety Audit Scheme in Korea, there exists no guidance for SPM. In this study, a SPM mooring safety assessment is performed using OPTIMOOR, a numerical analysis program, so as to understand the mooring characteristics of SPM. As a result, it is confirmed that the tension of mooring lines and hull movement in the SPM are greatly affected by the encounter angles with external forces. In addition, it is found that the maximum tension of the mooring line is elevated as the water depth becomes shallower through sensitivity analysis. According to SPM characteristics, which has a large influence on the encounter angle, this study has proposed an amendment to setting criteria in the implementation of the Maritime Traffic Safety Audit Scheme which could improve the reliability and accuracy of mooring safety assessments.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2019

The second-hand ship market provides immediate access to the freight market for shipping investors. When introducing second-hand vessels, the precise estimate of the price is crucial to the decision-making process because it directly affects the burden of capital cost to investors in the future. Previous studies on the second-hand market have mainly focused on the market efficiency. The number of papers on the estimation of second-hand vessel values is very limited. This study proposes an artificial neural network model that has not been attempted in previous studies. Six factors, freight, new-building price, orderbook, scrap price, age and vessel size, that affect the second-hand ship price were identified through literature review. The employed data is 366 real trading records of Panamax second-hand vessels reported to Clarkson between January 2016 and December 2018. Statistical filtering was carried out through correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis, and three parameters, which are freight, age and size, were selected. Ten-fold cross validation was used to estimate the hyper-parameters of the artificial neural network model. The result of this study confirmed that the performance of the artificial neural network model is better than that of simple stepwise regression analysis. The application of the statistical verification process and artificial neural network model differentiates this paper from others. In addition, it is expected that a scientific model that satisfies both statistical rationality and accuracy of the results will make a contribution to real-life practices.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-76
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors of the main selection criteria of the contract form used to conclude the sales contracts of used ships and to assist parties in selecting the most suitable contract form for trading situations. The methods of the study are based on identifying the factors from the questionnaires using analytic hierarchy process analysis, following the selection of typical details through interviews with the S&P Broker Group and finding the solutions that match each detail. The analysis shows that ship traders prefer the Norwegian Sales Form (NSF) to NIPPONSALE for various reasons. Considering the sellers' situations, NFS is the more reasonable option for major countries, except Japan. NIPPONSALE is relatively more focused on the advantages of the buyer's conditions, including for Japan. It is important to select the appropriate clauses from these types of contract, according to the trading conditions, including the main and additional terms, in order to create a mutual agreement between the shipper and the consignee that leads to more cooperation and balances the purposes of both parties in adjusting the time for securing and disposing of the vessels.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.787-813
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• 2009

Because of global warming, the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is slowly accelerating. That is the hot issue nowadays. According to the each country's climate change policy, it is boom in the world to lessen the consuming of the fossil fuel those are oil, coal and natural gas. But on the contrary the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is the chance to make the natural gas producing unit cost lower. The purpose of this paper is to search the Arctic policy of each country under the contradictory relationship between promoting the climate change policy and exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic. Specially, there are huge natural gas reserves in Russia on the Arctic region, Russia's exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic will affect on the natural gas supply-demand balance of world natural gas market strongly in the future. Therefore it needs to prepare the future energy alternative policy for Korea's energy security. Russia has Yamal Peninsular where is abundant on natural gas reserver, and she can supply natural gas by LNG ship all over the world via the Arctic route. This means that the structure of world natural gas market be changed gradually. It will be possible in 2030~2040. And such a change is very important because new natural gas trading type can do it through not only overcoming the geological restriction but also shifting the main trading type from PNG(Pipeline Natural Gas) to LNG(Liquified Natural Gas). Therefore it is necessary that we should let this be a good lesson to ourselves through the government action of other countries (China, Japan) those also have no sovereignty over the Arctic as Korea.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.3-26
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• 2000

The International Chamber of Commerce published the millennium edition of its standard trade definitions, Incoterms 2000. Incoterms are a basic reference for sales contracts, in constant daily use throughout the world. The new version will make it easier for traders to do business in the new century, despite the growing volume and complexity of international transactions. Since Incoterms were first published in 1936, they have been updated six times. They precisely define the responsibilities of buyer and seller and are recognized as the international standard by customs authorities and courts in all the main trading nations. It is important for traders to incorporate the correct Incoterms into their international contracts to avoid unnecessary legal problems. Courts may otherwise interpret trade terms according to often widely divergent national laws and unless the use of Incoterms is specified, expensive legal disputes can arise. Division of costs is a most important element in every contract of sale. The parties must know not only who does what but also how costs resulting therefrom should be divided between them. In most cases the fact that a party must do something means that he must also bear the resulting costs, unless otherwise agreed. But there are many exceptions to this principle and uncertainties arise, particularly with respect to services performed by other parties. Also, difficulties arise with respect to the division of costs whenever additional costs are caused by unexpected events, such as hindrances causing a ship to deviate or to remain in a seaport longer than expected. The main principle of the division of costs is clear enough: the seller has to pay costs necessary for the goods to reach the agreed point of delivery, and the buyer has to pay any further costs after that point. But as noted, it is not always easy to implement this principle in practice, since the detailed distribution of functions under the various trade terms is not and cannot be fully defined in Incoterms. Instead, failing precise stipulations in the contract of sale, guidance must be sought from other criteria such as commercial practices used earlier by the same parties or the custom of trade.