• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2002

Animal bones that were excavated with earthenware at the Jongdal-ri shell mound archaeological site IV on Jeju Island were investigated morpholgically and osteometrically. This archaeological site is estimated to date from the late Tamra period to the unified Shilla Dynasty (A.D. 7C) based on the type of earthenware. The number of animal bones was 3,430 pieces(Quarter B : 758, Quarter C : 2,672). The animal species consisted of Cervus spp., Sus spp., Bos spp and Canivore. The animal bone pieces excavated at Quarter B consisted of those of Cervus(53.3%), Bos(2.8%) and Sus(13.7%). The bones of Cervus(53.3%), Bos(2.8%), Sus(13.7%) and Canivore(4.6%) were found at Quarter C. The greatest number of heads was unearthed as a whole, and the classification according to animal species showed that the heads were more visible than other bones. Forelimbs and hindlimbs were distributed evenly on the part of Cervus. The skeletons from Bos were identified in the order of heads, forelimbs and hindlimbs, while nearly all the Sus bones were found to be heads. These data suggests that Cervus, Sus and Bos are major fauna at the estimated period.

• 고문화
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• 58호
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• pp.85-117
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• 2001

이 글은 전남지역에서 최근에 발굴조사된 역사고고학 분야 가운데 불교와 성곽유적을 중심으로 중요한 유적에 대하여 살펴 본 것이다. 불교유적의 성과로는 시기적으로 볼 때 먼저 금둔사지의 통일신라시대 건물지 조사를 들 수 있다. 이 조사가 전남지역에서 실시된 최초의 통일신라시대 불교 건물지 조사이기 때문이다. 옥룡사의 부도전 조사는 그동안 잘못 알려져 있었던 승려의 장법을 바로 잡을 수 있었다는 점이 큰 수확이었다. 부도 아래에서 석곽과 그 안에 석관이 안치되어 있어서 승려들의 장법이 화장이었다는 일반적인 상식은 잘못된 것이며, 대부분의 승려들이 고려시대까지 우리나라의 전통적인 장법인 2차장(세골장)을 따라 하였다는 시실이 밝혀졌다. 사자사의 목탑지는 고려시대의 유구가 별로 알려져 있지 않는 현실에서 아주 중요한 자료가 될 것이라. 그리고 최근에 뜻밖에도 백제후기에 축성된 것으로 밝혀진 순천 검단산성과 여수 고락산성 등이 조사되어 백제석성 연구에 아주 좋은 자료들을 제공해 주고 있다. 이 산성들의 특정은 산성의 형식이 테뫼식으로 아주 소형에 속하고, 내외의 벽을 돌로 쌓은 협축식의 석성이며 성벽의 너비가 거의 500cm로 일정하고, 평기와의 내면에 마포흔 대신에 승문(거친 섶문양)이 시문된 기와들이 반드시 출토되고 있다는 것이다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1994

This study is designed to delve into the measuring systems of different periods so as to help with more exact representations of cultures of different periods. The basis of the measuring system in china stems from the huangjong (Huangzhong : the yellow bell) of the period of Huangdi, the length of the bell being the width of 90 black millet grains. Do (Du : width) ; 1 bun=the width of one black millet grain, 1 Chon=10 Buns, 1 Chuk=10 Chons, 1 Jang=10 Cheoks, 1 In=10 Jangs. Ryang (Lyang : volume) ; 1 Yak=the weight of 1,200 grains in the yellow bell, 1 Hab=2 Yaks, 1Seung=10 habs, 1 Du=10 Seungs, 1 Gok=10 Dus. Hyung (Hung : weight) ; 12 Jus=the weight of 1 Yak, 1Yang=24 Jus are equal 1 Hab in weight, 1 Geun=16 Ryangs, 1 Jo=30 Geuns, 1 Seo=4 Jo. In the era of Eun (In) it was decided that the 9-chon length of the Yellowbell shall be 1 Cheok. The Cheok of Ju was set at 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Cheok of Ju breaks into Yongjocheok, Joryegicheok, Pogeumcheok. Yongjocheok, arising from Rohbancheok of the Ju period, is part of Gokcheok also used as a measuring tool for wooden works. The Han cheok has the same length as the yellow bell. The Sang Cheok is 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Tang Cheok was originally the same as the Sang cheok but became longer and longer to be the Long cheok (31.3cm). The length-measuring system used in the three-nation era of Korea includes the gijeom cheil (35.52cm), Ju cheok (25.45cm), sunje Cheok (23.5cm), the Long Tang Cehok (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81 ㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla Dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of Kng Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of King Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Kijangdu, Habseung and gokseok. The 1 Seung volumes of theses toolas were 596,447,927 and 1053㎤, respectively. were called Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, Habseung and Gokseok, being respectively 596,447,927, 1053 ㎤, respectively. In the Chosun Dynasty the length of the Yeongjocheos was 27.6 cm or 31.220 in the Sejong era, 29.8 from Heonjong through Gojong, and 30.3 cm after the 6th year of King Kwangmu, and the volume of Du(Mal) also changed like 4.121 or 5.964, 5.187, 23.08 $\ell$, and the 1-Jeonjung also changed like 2.66 or bout 4, 3.45, 3.75 in line with the changes of the length system.

• 복식
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• 제57권7호
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• pp.84-97
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• 2007

Dancing with weapons existed spontaneously when war and hunting were common, and sword dancing, as a dance for banquets, developed and changed in various forms. In Korea, sword dancing was performed from the Three Dynasty Period, and in Joseon Dynasty, it was performed as court ceremony. The origin of the sword dancing, that has been performed from the Joseon Dynasty until now, and costumes for sword dancing isn't accurate. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sword dancing costume of China, Korea's neighboring country, and that of Korea in the same period, and to find out the process of wearing military uniform: Jun-mo, Jeo-go-ri, Chi-ma, Gwae-ja, and Jun-dae, being settled as the sword dancing costumes of Korea in late Joseon Dynasty. In China, sword dancing became famous in Han Dynasty, and in Tang Dynasty, it was the meridian of sword dancing with the most magnificent form. After the Song Dynasty, the sword dancing fades away. In Korea, the sword dancing started as a mask dancing of children that Hwa-rang(bravery youth) in Shilla Dynasty started. After the Unified Shiila Period, the sword dancing of Tang Dynasty spread to Korea, with active interchange between the two countries. After the Corea Dynasty, the mask dancing of children faded and the sword dancing of Tang Dynasty changes into Korean form. It was incorporated into the court ceremony after the mid-period of Joseon Dynasty, and the costumes were settled as the military uniform, which are Gwae-ja, and Jun-dae on top of Chi-ma, and Jeo-go-ri, and Jun-moon the head.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.65-82
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• 2008

The wooden pagoda sites which have been confirmed in Baekjae's former territory so far have flattened surface of the earth or foundation pert made by digging up the earth. In particular, the latter is found more often in the pagoda sites of Baekjae, which is essential and absolutely necessary because of the characteristics of pagoda structure. The wooden pagoda sites with foundation part made by digging up the earth under the stylobate are found at Yongjeongli ruined temple site of Woongjin area, and at Neung-sa temple site, Wangheung-sa temple site, Geumgang-sa temple site, and Mireuk-sa temple site of Sabi period. They are also observed at Hwanglyong-sa nine-storied wooden pagoda of Shilla and at Biin five-storied stone pagoda of early Goryeo. They are important data improving that the construction technologies of Baekjae continued to be applied to build stone or wooden pagodas, transcending time and space. Recently, the site assumed as a wood pagoda site of Hanseong area was examined in Gyeongdang sect ion of Pungnap mud fortification. If this is proved to be a real wooden pagoda site, this digging-up construction technology of foundation part ann be concluded to be a traditional engineering technology of Baekjae which was frequently used from Hanseong period to Sabi period. On the other hand, this digging-up construction technology of foundation part has been found only at pagoda sites and main building sites of temple ruins, and it helps examine their symbolism.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.27-38
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• 1985

In KOREA, the history of weaving is so long even in prinitive, there are the traces of fabric emmision using Spindle already in the Neolithic age. And coming up to the period of Three States, becoming active of cultivation of fibers, it can be known the variety of kinds and the production of fine products by improvement of new method of weaving using weaving machine. In the period of shilla state, there is a record of making the fine fabrics with 28 bracts. But wearing of silks fabrics was limitted for only the nobility and common people were wearing native thick hemp clothes. Also in the period of Korea state, they were wearing the hemp clothes by cultivation of hemp. The good quality products were worn by the King or the nobility and women in KOREA made their best with whole efforts to pay to the authorities with woven products of hemp clothes, so in the 14th year of King Chung- Ryul, King prohibited the presentation of fine hemp clothes by his order. By the end of KOREA state, before the production, common people was mainly wearing the hemp clothes. Coming up to the Kingdom of Chosun the sericulture was promoted by establishment of the sericulture encouraging low. Therefore the working hours of women were highly increased. The products of Song-do, Chin-ju for cotton clothes, those of Han-san-the same now as in old times-for ramie clothes, those of Han-Kyung province and An-dong for hemp fabrics were estimated as the best qualities. And the hemp clothes of Kang-won province is not so fine but is very useful and famous for mourning clothes and summer clothes for the farmer. It is true that our history of weaving was begun with hemp as a continous and precious friend of common people during all the historical periods-even though for a while it went backward because of chinese silks.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제37권
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• pp.445-469
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• 2004

신라(新羅) 백지묵서(白紙墨書) 대방광불화엄경(大方廣佛華嚴經)은 국보 196호로 지정된 한국에서 가장 오랜 사경(寫經)이다. 이 사경(寫經)은 당의 실차난타(實叉難陀)가 699년에 한역(漢譯)한 주본(周本) "화엄경(華嚴經)" 80권(卷) 가운데 권 제1~10과 권 제 44~50이다. 권10과 권50의 말미에 발문(跋文)(528자(字))이 있는데, 이 발문에 의하면 화엄사 창건자인 황룡사의 연기(緣起)법사가 발원하여 754년에서 755년에 걸쳐 약 6개월이 걸려 완성된 사경임을 알 수 있다. 이 발문은 사경제작에 따른 의식절차(儀式節次)와 제작방법(製作方法)이 기록되어 있고, 사경 제작에 참여한 필사자(筆寫者)와 부처님과 보살(菩薩)을 그린 화사(畵師) 등 사경(寫經)에 관계한 19명에 대한 거주지(居住地), 인명(人名), 관명(官名) 등(等)의 순서로 기록되어 있는 우리나라 최고의 고문서이기도 하다. 이 사경은 발견되었을 당시 권1-10은 응고되어 펼쳐볼 수가 없는 상태였고 권44~50도 보존을 염려하여 사진 촬영이 금지되었다. 최근에 내용에 대한 실태조사가 이루어져 이 사경이 칙천무후자(則天武后字) 연구의 보고임을 알 수 있게 되었다. 칙천무후자(則天武后字)는 당(唐) 고종(高宗)의 황후(皇后)로 고종(高宗)의 사후(死後) 스스로 황제가 된 칙천무후(則天武后)(684~704재위(在位)) 가 만든 일종의 이체자(異體字)이다. 칙천무후자(則天武后字)는 무후(武后)의 치세(治世)에만 쓰이고 그의 사후에 폐지되었지만, 그 후에도 취미와 호기심에 따라 사용하기도 하였던 글자이다. 이 신라 사경에 나타난 칙천무후자(則天武后字)는 초(初), 년(年), 월(月), 일(日), 성(星), 정(正), 천(天), 지(地), 수(授), 증(證), 성(聖), 국(國), 인(人)의 자(字) 등 13종 512자로, 칙천무후(則天武后) 재위 당시에 제작된 돈황(敦煌) 사경(寫經)과 비교해 볼 때 사용된 칙천무후자(則天武后字)의 숫자나 사용 빈도에서 돈황(敦煌) 사경(寫經)보다 뛰어난 칙천무후자(則天武后字)의 보고(寶庫)임을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 그동안 현존 최고(最古)의 화엄경 사경(寫經)으로 알려진 일본(日本) 정창원(正倉院)의 화엄경(華嚴經) 사경(寫經)(768)에는 칙천무후자(則天武后字)가 나타나지 않는다는 사실에서 볼 때, 신라 사경(寫經)은 한역(漢譯) 당시의 모습을 그대로 간직하고 있는 화엄 사경임을 알 수 있다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2011

The 卍 shape which is used as an aesthetical feature for traditional architecture can be seen in the stair railings of the house shaped ceramic potteries in the Eastern Han dynasty(A.D. 25-220) but with the introduction of Buddhism, it has been widely used for the decoration of the sarira(small crystals of the cremated monks) case. After the shape was seen in the Yungang and Dunhwang grottoes mural paintings, the use of it has been expanded. In Korea during the excavation of the Gyeongju Anapji which was the Eastern palace of the Shilla dynasty, a 卍 shaped wood which had been used as a handrail was found and this shape was also used in the railings of the Shilsangsa Baekjangarn temple stone pagoda and lantern and in the sarira case excavated in the Songrimsa temple stone pagoda. In Japan, the Nara period(A.D. 710-794) when there were many cultural exchanges with the Korean peninsula, the handrails of the 2ndfloor of the main hall of Hoyu-ji temple has a 卍 shape. This can be confirmed that this shape has been widely used as a design in Asian Buddhist architecture. Gilsangoonhae(吉祥雲海) which is the symbolic meaning of this shape means for long life and luck which had been used generally for the window designs of temples, palaces, and houses. In this study, it is giving the definition the beginning and the symbolic meaning of the 卍 shape which is being used from the ancient times until nowadays and the change of this shape used for window designs.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 1997

The Nara Dynasty of Japan lasted from 710 to 784 A.D, which corresponds to the period of the Unified Shilla Kingdom of Korea. The Nara Dynasty enacted the 'Daiho Law and Ordinance' by referring to those of Tang Dynasty of China. Under these legal systems, the Ministries were defined, and foods were used for paying taxes or as currency. The characteristics of the dietary culture in Nara Dynasty were as follows. 1) They obtained food from rice and other grain farming, hunting and fishery. Rice was their main staple and was also used for preparing porridge and brewing wine. 2) Under the influence of Buddhism, meat was prohibited, and milks or dairy products were supplemented for improving malnutritional status. 3) They also used seasonings, spices and sweeteners to enhance the taste and produced medicines by extracting plants, animals and minerals. 4) While chopsticks were made of bamboo, willow, silver, shell, tree or bronze, such utensils as pan earthenware steamer, or charcoal pots were used for preparing meals. 5) Highly qualified utensils, made of porcelains painted with lacguetr, metal, glass, horn and stone, were produced as handcraft art wad developed. 6) Chinese style cousines and cooking methods were popular and various types of preserving techniques like drying or salting were used. Processed cookies were also developed. 7) Although flour was used mainly among noble class people, ordinary people also used it. The royal families ate milk products a lot and even fried foods. 8) One can say that Buddism exerted an influence on Vegetarianism from this era.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.18-29
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• 2015

This paper presents a feasibility study of a fresh air load reduction system by using an underground double floor space. The system was introduced into a real building and was examined by the field measurement. Judging from the measurements during three years(1999~2001), the state of the system operation was very stable through this period and it was clear that the system contributes to reduction of energy consumption for air-conditioning. Futhermore, a simulation model used the simple heat diffusion equation was developed to simulate its thermal characteristics and performances. The simulations resulted in air temperature in good agreement with the measurements. Also, from the result of numerical analysis, it is clear that the amount of heat supply by using this system is more than the amount of energy loss to the room above it. Therefore, it is concluded that this systems is very useful and the proposed numerical model can be used for the prediction of system thermal performance.