• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-43
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• 1997

The work-related diseases due to continuous overwork are mainly cerebro- and cardio-vascular ones, which is commonly called 'Karoshi', death from overwork. Many factors are capable for Karoshi : occupational stress in relation to technological renovation and industrial rationalization, competitive social structure, and accumulated fatigue accured to long time or irregular working. And its occurence is on the rise. The World Labor Report 1993 released by ILO, pointed out the diseases related to overwork and stress as one of the most important occupational health problem. In Korea, social awareness of Karoshi is at an infant stage, and reliable statistics for its occurence are not compiled in a convenient manner. Despite the rising Karoshi, there are no reliable clauses in workmen's compensation enough to settle down the disputes. Therefore, it is not uncommon that the Labour Ministry and Civil Court find difficulties in reaching an agreement. This study was intended to provide proper compensation and prevention program for workers by suggesting reasonable compensation clauses for the death from overwork. This study consists of two comparative reviews on the compensaton clauses for the death from overwork. One is to review legal standards of Karoshi among three countries, such as Korea, Japan and Taiwan. The other is to investigate the cases of Karoshi in Korea, 121 cases identified at the Labor Welfare Corperation and the Labour Ministrial process of examination and reexamination, and 73 leading cases at the High Court of Justice. The main findings of the study are as follows : 1. Comparisons of comperative review on compensation clauses for the death from overwork among three countries. 1) All of three countries have the same kinds of disease for compensation, which were cerebro-and cardiao-vascular diseases, while for cardiac disease group, Korea has the smaller number of diseases for compensation than Japan. 2) As for the definition of overwork, the three countries share equally that overload for one week prior to collapse is considered as an important factor, but accumulated chronic fatigue is disregarded. 3) As the basis of overwork, in Japan, there is a tendency to move from the conditions of an ordinary healthy adult to those of the individual concerned in Japan, whereas there is no such concern yet in Korea. 4) All the three countries use a common standard of medical judgement in demonstrating causal relationship between a job and a disease. However, Korea is progressive in the sense that in the case of CVA at worksite, the worker himself has no obligation to prove the cause. 2. The results of a comparative review on excutive decisions by Labor Ministry and judicial decisions by the Court in Korea : A judicial decision is based on the legalistic probability, but a excutive decision is not. Therefore, excutive decisions have such restrictions that : 1) TIA (transitory ischemic cerebral attack) and myocarditis are excluded from compensation, and there is little consistency of decision in the case of cause-unknown death. 2) There is a tendency not to compensate for the death from overwork since the work terms such as repeated long-time working, shift work or night-shift work are not considered as overloading. 3) There is a tendency to regard the conditions of a ordinary healthy adult rather than those of the individual concerned(age, existing diseases, health state, etc.) as the comparative basis of overload. 4) There remains a tendency not to compensate for the death from overwork in the case of collapse occuring out of workplace, on the ground of 'on the course of working' and 'in the cause of accident'. Through the study, the fact manifests itself that Korea's compensation clauses for work-related diseases due to overwork are very restrictive. So, it is necessary to extend the Labor Ministry's clauses of compensation for the death from overwork following to the recent changes of other countries and internal judicial decisions. This is very important in the perspective of occupational health that aims at health promotion of workers including prevention of the Karoshi.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.132-146
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• 1995

Even though Korean medical law stipulates that number of patients attended by a nurse is 2.5 for hospitalization and 30 for ambulatory care, the number of patients cared by a nurse per day is much greater than the standard prescribed by the medical law. Current productivity of nurses is not desirable unless the quality of care is considered. And nursing manpower staffing based on neither current nurses' productivity nor standard of medical law cannot respond properly to dynamic situation of the medical services. Under this background, the necessity of more efficient management of nursing manpower occupying 1/3 of total hospital workers has been recognized by many nursing administrators. Many nursing researchers have studied to foretell the nursing manpower objectively on the basis of measured nursing workload according to patient classification as well. Most of These researches, however, have been conducted in the tertiary hospitals, so it is imperative to conduct other researches to predict necessary nursing manpower in the secondary and the primary hospitals. The study was performed to measure nursing workload and predict pertinent nursing manpower to a secondary hospital with 400beds. Nursing workload was surveyed using measuring tool for direct and indirect care hours in a surgical unit and a medical unit. Survey was conducted from Sep.10 to Sep.16 and from Oct.5 to Oct.11, 1994 respectively by two skilled nurses, Subjects were patients, patients' family members and nursing personnels. Results are follows : 1. Patient classification distributed as 22% of class I (mildly ill patient), 57% of class II (moderately ill patient), and 21% of class III (acutely ill patient) in the medical nursing unit, while 23% of class I, 29% of class II, 12% of class III, and 36% of classIV (critically ill patient) in the surgical nursing unit. There was no difference of inpatient number between weekday and weekend. Bed circulation rate was 89% in both units and average patients number per day was 37.4 (total 42beds) in the medical nursing unit, 32.9 (total 37beds) in the medical nursing unit. 2. Direct care hours per day measured as 2.8hrs for class I, 3.3hrs for class II, and 3.5hrs for class III in the medical nursing unit, while 3.1hrs for class I, 3hrs for class II, 2.7hrs for class III, and 2.2hrs for classIV in the surgical nursing unit. Meanwhile, hours for nursing assistant activities per patient by patients' family members were 11mins and 200mins respectively. Direct care hour rate by shift was day 36%, evening 25%, and night 39% in the medical nursing unit, while 40%, 29%, and and 31% respectively in the surgical nursing unit. 3. Measurement and observation activity held 44.2% of direct care activities of nurses and medication 36.7%, communication 11.7%, exercise 1.8%, treatment 1.3%, hygiene 1.3%, elimination and irrigation 1.1%, suction 1%, nutrition 0.5%, thermotherapy 0.3%, oxygen therapy 0.1% in order. 4. Indirect care hours per day were 294.2mins in the medical nursing unit, and 273.9mins in the surgical nursing unit. By shift, evening was the highest in both units. Indirect care hours for each patient were 44.5mins in the medical nursing unit and 46mins in the surgical nursing unit. 5. checking activities including doctor's order, medication, and delivering patients to the next shift occupied 39.7% of indirect care activities, and preparation 26%, recording 23.8%, communication and conference 6.7%, managing equipments 2.1%, messenger activity 1.7% in order. 6. On the ground of these results, nursing manpower needed in a secondary hospital was estimated ; 27 nursing personnels for the medical nursing unit of 37beds, and 20 nursing personnels for the surgical nursing unit of 33beds.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.579-596
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• 1996

중소영세 섬유업체 근로자들 1,138명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문조사를 하여 근로자의 보건관리형태에 따른 산업보건에 관한지식, 태도 및 실천의 정도를 비교하고 다음으로는 집단보건관리군 694명만을 대상으로 하여 집단보건관리 기간이 지식, 태도 및 실천에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 1. 보건관리형태에 따라서 산업보건에 관한지식, 태도 몇 실천의 평균점수는 개별보건관리군에서 모두 높았으나 실천의 점수만 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 그러나 비교하고자 하는 두 집단간에는 대부분의 일반 특성이 유의한 차이가 있으므로 이를 교정하고자 중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 중회귀분석 결과, 지식에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 연령, 교육 수준, 총 근무기간이었고, 태도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 연령, 교육수준, 결혼상태였다. 실천에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 성, 연령, 교육수준, 결혼유무, 총 직장근무기간이었다. 연구의 목적인 보건 관리형태별로 비교시는 지식, 태도 및 실천에 미치는 영향은 집단보건관리군의 경우 지식의 평균점수가 조금 높았을 뿐이며, 태도 및 실천의 점수는 낮았다. 그러나 두 가지 보건관리형태에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2. 집단보건관리군에 국한하여 분석한 결과, 보건관리기간(개월수)은 대상 근로자들의 산업보건에 관한 지식, 태도 및 실천 모두에 유의한 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

18세에서 30세 중반 사이의 남자 35명 여자 21명 총 56명을 대상으로 2시간 동안 VDT 작업을 하도록 한 후, 안구 및 전신 증상 등을 조사하고 순목 횟수, 눈물층파괴시간(BUT), 안검열의 높이, 시력, 타각적 굴절력, 조절력 등을 측정하였다. 안구증상에서는 눈의 피로를 느끼는 사람이 34%로 가장 많았고 시기능증상에서는 물체가 흐려 보이는 증상이 83%, 전신증상에서는 어깨가 아픈 사람이 38%로 가장 높게 나타났다. VDT 작업 중의 순목 횟수가 8/min로 휴식 때의 22/min에 비해 많이 감소했다. VDT 작업 직후의 눈물층파괴시간도 약 7초로 작업 전의 약 12초보다 현저히 감소되었다. 안검열의 높이는 작업 전 7.69mm보다 작업 중에는 9.04mm로 증가하였다. 평균 나안시력은 VDT 작업 전에 0.63에서 작업 후에는 0.57로 약 9.5% 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 타각적 굴절이상은 0.28D 정도 근시화 경향이 보였다. VDT 작업 후 조절력은 1.49D 정도 감소하였는데 주로 조절근점 굴절력의 감소가 원인인 것으로 보인다. 폭주근점 굴절력도 0.87D 감소하였다.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.82-111
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• 2010

이 연구는 산학(기업 공고) 연계 맞춤형 인력양성 프로그램(이하 '맞춤과정')을 수료하고 입직하여 2년 정도 근무한 수료근로자 3명을 인터뷰하여 그들의 취업 후 습숙경험을 분석한 것이다. 연구자는 2008년 선행된 경력설계 연구를 기반으로 초기습숙의 과정을 의존적 근로자에서 독립적 근로자로 이행하는 단계로 보고, 맞춤과정 수료근로자가 현장에 배치된 이후 약 2년간 어떤 습숙경험을 하는지에 초점을 두고 면담하고, 그 내용을 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기업이 신입자의 습숙을 돕기 위해 실시하는 안내 및 교육으로서는 회사의 역사 및 현황, 근무수칙, 안전 등을 담은 신입사원 교육, 여러 작업 실무현장의 '맛 보이기', 사수-조수관계 맺어주기, 매뉴얼 및 직무기준 제시 등이었다. 이는 '통과의례' 같은 것으로서 습숙의 기본적인 디딤돌이 된다. 둘째, 습숙을 이끌어가는 상호작용과 자기성찰로서 구조화되어 있는 질책, 구성원간 유대, 경험의 누적과 성찰을 통한 깊은 학습 등이 있었다. 공식적 조치에 의해 안면을 익힌 신입자는 선임자의 질책을 받으며 상당기간(1-2년) 험난한 인고의 과정을 거쳐 질책을 받지 않고 스스로 일을 할 수 있는 수준에 이른다. 수직적 위계질서보다 수평적 유대가 강조되는 조직에서는 쉽게 경험을 공유한다. 그리고 제보자는 자신의 경험을 돌아보아 적응하기, 조직에서 살아남기, 발견한 기술을 함께 공유하고 성장하기와 같은 것을 학습하였다. 셋째, 습숙에 장애가 되는 환경 여건으로는 신입자의 습숙에 대한 숙련자의 경계, 장시간 근로와 여유시간의 결핍, 저임금 등이 있었다. 일반적으로 숙련자들은 신입자에게 경계의식을 갖고 자신이 가지고 있는 암묵지를 노출시키려고 하지 않는다. 그러나 수평적 유대가 강조되는 조직에서는 서로 쉽게 기술을 공유한다. 단순 기술과 저임금의 기업특수기술도 습숙동기를 유발하지 못한다. 연구결과는 맞춤과정 개발시 협약기업이 제시하는 직무뿐 아니라 그 직무수행자들을 위한 습숙지원제도 및 과정 등에 대해서도 분석하여 반영해야 함을 시사한다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제6호
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• pp.27-50
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• 2008

This thesis examines contemporary Chinese painting after the Cultural Revolution(1966~76), focusing upon so-called "Chinese Pop art", which I termed as "Socialist Pop art". I considered the art of this period within the broader context of social changes especially after the Tienanmen incident of 1989. After the Cultural Revolution during which idolization of Chairman Mao was at its peak, one of the major changes in communist China was that an anti-Mao wave was generated in almost every social class. For example, novels that revealed the hardships during the Cultural Revolution were published. Posters that openly criticized the Maoism were also produced and displayed on the walls, and demand for democracy spurred widespread activist movements among young generations. These broad social changes were also reflected in art. A variety of art movements were introduced from the West to China, and after a period of experimentation with the new imported styles, artists began to apply the new artistic idiom to their works in order to visualize their own social and political realities they lived in. It was a shift from earlier Socialist Realism to a new expression either directly or indirectly, "Socialist Pop", an amalgam of Socialist Realism and Pop art tradition. After the 1989 crackdown of Tienanmen Square protest, when communist government quelled with brutal measures the students, workers, and ordinary people who rose for democracy, greater urge to protest the Deng Xiaoping regime emerged. This time coincided with the gradual emergence of art using Pop art vocabulary to satirize the social reality, the Socialist Pop art, along with many other art forms all with avant-garde spirit. One of the most frequent subjects of Chinese Pop art was visual images of Chairman Mao and his Cultural Revolution, and new China that was saturated with capitalism, which tainted the Chinese way of life with a Western way of consumerism and commercialism. The reason for the popularity of Mao's image was spurred by the "Mao Craze" in the early 1990's. People suddenly began to fall in a kind of nostalgia for the past, and once again, Mao Zedong was idolized as an entity who can heal the problems of modern China who had been marching towards their ultimate destination, the economic development. But this time Chairman Mao was no more an idol but just a popular, commercial product. He is no more an object of worship of almost religious nature but he has become an iconography symbolizing the complex nature of present Chinese society. During this process of depicting the social reality, Chinese artists are making the authority and sanctity of Maoism ineffective. Dealing with this new trend of contemporary Chinese art in view of "Socialist Pop art" two manners of re-creating Pop art can be illustrated: one that incorporates the propaganda posters of the Cultural Revolution; the other borrows from Chinese traditional popular imagery or mass media, such as photos taken during Mao era. What is worth mentioning is that these posters and photos of the Cultural Revolution can be identified as 'popular' media, as they were directed to educate the popular mass, thus combination of this ingenuous pop media with Western Pop art can be fully justified as a genre unique to China. Through this genre, we can discover a new chapter of the Chinese contemporary painting and its society, as their Pop art can be considered as self-portraits true to their present appearances.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2011

As a marketing vehicle to survive in intensified retailing competition, retailer brand development has been adopted by retailers in Korea. As evidence, the retailer brand share of a major retailer, Tesco Korea, has grown from 20% in 2007 to 22.8% in the first half of 2008. It means that retailers have provided more and more retailer brand foods for customers. With the growing accessibility to retailer brand foods, it would be expected that the number of retailer brand food claims will increase. Customers have increasingly exposed to a variety of marketing activities conducted by retailers. When buying the retailer brand foods, customers tend to be affected by marketing activities of retailers. Despite the fact that customers trust retailers and then, buy their brand foods, in case of food accidents caused by production process, customers have to seek compensation from a retailer brand supplier. Of course, a retailer tends to shift its responsibility to its suppliers. Accordingly, it is not easy for customers to solve food claims. The research, therefore, aims at exploring the relationship between the buying-decision processes of retailer brand customers and which side takes legal responsibility for food claims. To effectively achieve the research aim, the author adopted a quantitative and a qualitative research technique, in order to supplement the disadvantages of each method. Before field research, based on the developed research model, the author pre-tested questionnaire with 10 samples, amended, and handed out to 400 samples. Amongst them, 316 questionnaires are available. For a focus group interview, 9 participants were recruited, who are students, housewives, and full-time workers, aged from 20s to 40s. Through the focus group interview as well as the questionnaire results, it was found that most customers were influenced by a retailer or store image in a customer's mind, retailer reputation and promotional activities. Surprisingly, customers think that the name of a retailer is a more important factor than who produces retailer brand foods, even though many customers check a retailer brand supplier, when making a buying-decision. Rather than retailer brand suppliers, customers trust retailers. That is why they purchase retailer brands. Nevertheless, production-related food claims is not involved with retailers. In fact, it would be difficult for customers to distinguish whether a food claim is related to selling or manufacturing processes. Based on research results, from a customer perspective, the research suggests that the government should require retailers to take the whole responsibility for retailer brand food claims, preventing retailers from passing the buck to retailer brand suppliers. In case of food claims, in order for customers to easily get the compensation, it is necessary to reconsider the current system. If so, retailers have to fully get involved in retailer brand production stage, and further, the customer awareness of retailer brands will be improved than ever before. Retailers cannot help taking care of the whole processes of retailer brand development, because of responsibility. As a result, the process to seek compensation for food claims might become easier, and further, the protection of customer right might be improved.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2006

The principal aim of this field study was to determine the concentrations and emissions of gaseous contaminants such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the different types of pig buildings in Korea and allow objective comparison between Korea and the other countries in terms of pig housing types. This field study was performed from May to June and from September to October in 2002. Pig buildings investigated in this research were selected in terms of three criteria; manure removal system, ventilation mode and growth stage of pig. Measurements of concentration and emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pig buildings were done in 5 housing types and the visited farms were 15 sites per each housing type. Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were measured at three locations of the central alley in the pig building and emission rates of them were estimated by multiplying the average concentration($mg/m^3$) measured near the air outlet by the mean ventilation rate($m^3/h$) and expressed either per pig of liveweight 75kg(mg/h/pig) or per area($mg/h/m^2$). Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pig buildings were averaged to 7.5 ppm and 286.5 ppb and ranged from 0.8 to 21.4 ppm and from 45.8 to 1,235 ppb, respectively. The highest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were found in the mechanically ventilated buildings with slats; 12.1 ppm and 612.8 ppb, while the lowest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were found in the pig buildings with deep-litter bed system(2.2 ppm) and the naturally ventilated pig buildings with manure removal system by scraper(115.2 ppb), respectively(p<0.05). All the pig buildings were investigated not to exceed the threshold limit values(TLVs) of ammonia(25 ppm) and hydrogen sulfide(10 ppm). The mean emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per pig(75kg in terms of liveweight) and area($m^2$) from pig buildings were 250.2 mg/h/pig and 37.8 mg/h/pig and $336.3mg/h/m^2$ and $50.9mg/h/m^2$, respectively. The pig buildings with deep-litter bed system showed the lowest emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide(p<0.05). However, the emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from the other pig buildings were not significantly different(p>0.05). Concentrations and emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were relatively higher in the pig buildings managed with deep-pit manure system with slats and mechanical ventilation mode than the different pig housing types. In order to prevent pig farm workers from adverse health effect caused by exposure to ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in pig buildings, they should wear the respirators during shift and be educated sustainably for the guideline related to occupational safety.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.90-102
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• 1993

A study on the factors affecting subjective symptoms of labor working in textile industries was carried out from June I to 30 in 1991. A total of 870 laborers were selected from the textile industries at Taegu, Kyungbuk in Korea. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting subjective symptoms and improve the health condition of the labor in the industries. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. 72.5% of the respondents were females and 27.5% were males. 45% of them were in the age group of between 20 and 29 years old, 25.7% were between 10 and 19 years old and 14.4% were between 30 and 39 years old. 57.6% finished high school level education, 70.6% were single, 31.2% had religion of Buddhism and 57.3% lived in the dormitory. Financially, 45% of them partially supported their family members. 2. 34.5% of the respondants were working in the administrative areas and the rest were working in the production areas. The period of working was 1~4 years. 64.7% of them owned their houses. 72.9% worked for a shift. 15.9% were satisfied with their job and 17.1% were not satisfied with their job. 3. 44.0% of the respondants complained about eye problems and more females than males complained about problems. 4. The laborers in the age group of between 40 and 49 years old complained about serious headache and younger laborers complained about respiratory problems. 5. 50% of unmarried laborers complained about eye problems, 40% of night workers felt aches in their empty stomach. 6. 54.4% of the respondents working in manufacturing department complained about eye problems, 29.5% of working in processing department complained about headache and 43.4% of the respondents working in spinning department complained about shoulder ache. 7. Most laborers went to the drug stores for their health. 8. 60.7% of teen ages complained about their irregular menstruation. 51.7% of the in twenties complained about pain during the period. 45.8% of the respondents in thirties complained about nervous system. The women working nights show 74.1% in all three and highest complaint rate. According to the conclusion of this study, it is recommended that more money should be spent on better health education for the laborers in textile industries. Also it is recommended that the policies and supports for them should be strengthened.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.73-85
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• 2021

The construction industry is considered to be a fatal accident industry, accounting for 28.5% of the total industrial accidents in 2017, as the number of industrial accidents in the construction industry has steadily increased over the past decade. So it is necessary to consider introducing Resilience Engineering, which is actively applied to risky industries around the world, to drastically reduce construction accidents. Although Resilience Engineering, which has emerged as the next-generation safety management centered on Hollnagel since the 2000s, claims the importance of strengthening Resilience abilities considering organizational structure and culture, most studies focus only on developing evaluation indicators. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of an organization's safety culture on its Resilience abilities in the construction industry. Specifically, it conducted empirical analysis on the impact of safety culture consisting of 'communication, leadership and safety systems' on the Resilience abilities(responding ability, monitoring ability, learning ability, anticipating ability), and the mediation relationship between leadership, communication, and safety system. The survey was conducted on construction workers, and an empirical analysis was conducted on the final 154 responses using SPSS 25 and Smart PLS 3. The results showed that the safety system had a significant impact on all Resilience Abilities, and communication had a significant impact on the remaining three except for anticipating ability among Resilience Abilities. On the other hand, leadership has been shown to have a significant impact on anticipating ability only. In the verifying of the mediation relationship between leadership, communication and safety systems, it was found that leadership affects all Resilience abilities by means of safety systems, but communication can only affect responding ability. This study has practical significance in that it suggests the need for policy-level efforts to introduce and apply Resilience Engineering and then expanded the effective safety management assessment of the construction industry in the future. Moreover, the academic implications are important in that the study attempted to expand the academic scope for a paradigm shift in the future as the safety culture has identified its impact on the Resilience abilities.