• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.505-512
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of three different formulated diets and macroalgae(Undaria) on growth and body comoposition among juvenile Haliotis discus, H. sieboldii and H. discus hannail. Three replicate groups among the three species abalones average weighing 0.31g were fed one of one experimental diet, two commercial diets and Undaria for 9 weeks. The three formulated diets produced significantly (P<0.05) greated body and shell growth than Undaria within same abalone species. Survival rates (97~99%) of H. discus and H. sieboldii were higher than that (74~77%) of H. discus hannai. Whereas different diets had no significantly (P>0.05) distincitive effect on survival within each three different abalone species. Moisture of abalone soft body in final stage reduced compared to those of abalone in initial stage in H. discus and H. discus hannai. Regardless of diet, abalone soft body revealed significantly (P<0.05) increased protein and decreased ash at the end of feeding trial in all three abalone species. This study indicate that all three different formulated diets used in this experiment could be a practical diet in three abalone species.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.179-183
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• 1980

The efficiency of energy transfer by a population of the farmed pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas was studied during culture period of 10 months July 1979-April 1980, in Geoje-Hansan Bay near Chungmu City. Energy use by the farmed oyster population was calculated from estimates of half-a-month unit age specific natural mortality rate and data on growth, gonad output, shell organic matter production and respiration. Total mortality during the culture period was estimated approximate $36\%$ from data on survivor individual number per cluster. Growth may be dual consisted of a curved line during the first half culture period (July-November) and a linear line in the later half period (December-April). The first half growth was approximated by the von Bertalanffy growth model; shell height, $SH=6.33\;(1-e^{0.2421(t+0.54)})$, where t is age in half-a-month unit. In the later half growth period shell height was related to t by SH=4.44+0.14t. Dry meat weight (DW) was related to shell height by log $DW=-2.2907+2.589{\cdot}log\;SH,\;(2, and/or log $DW=-5.8153+7.208{\cdot}log\;SH,\;(5. Size specific gonad output (G) as calculated by condition index of before and after the spawning season, was related to shell height by $G=0.0145+(3.95\times10^{-3}{\times}SH^{2.9861})$. Shell organic matter production (SO) was related to shell height by log $SO=-3.1884+2.527{\cdot}1og\;SH$. Size and temperature specific respiration rate (R) as determined in biotron system with controlled temperature, was related to dry meat weight and temperature (T) by log $R=(0.386T-0.5381)+(0.6409-0.0083T){\cdot}log\;DW$. The energy used in metabolism was calculated from size, temperature specific respiration and data on body composition. The calorie contents of oyster meat were estimated by bomb calorimetry based on nitrogen correction. The assimilation efficiency of the oyster estimated directly by a insoluble crude silicate method gave $55.5\%$. From the information presently available by other workers, the assimilation efficiency ranges between $40\%\;and\;70\%$. Twenty seven point four percent of the filtered food material expressed by energy value for oyster population was estimated to have been rejected as pseudofaeces : $17.2\%$ was passed as faeces; $35.04\%$ was respired and lost as heat; $0.38\%$ was bounded up in shell organics; $2.74\%$ was released as gonad output, $2.06\%$ was fell as meat reducing by mortality. The remaining $15.28\%$ was used as meat production. The net efficiency of energy transfer from assimilation to meat production (yield/assimilation) of a farm population of the oyster was estimated to be $28\%$ during culture period July 1979-April 1980. The gross efficiency of energy transfer from ingestion to meat production (yield/food filtered) is probably between $11\%\;and\;20\%$.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2015

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of intermediate culture types on the growth and survival rate of the juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai fed seaweed and artificial diet. Intermediate cultures were to determine there that was to fed seaweed (SW) of artificial diet (A) of floor culture (FC), net floor culture (NFC), double shelter culture (DSC) and indoor net cage culture (INCC) in land-based tank, in two replicate. In the growth performance of juvenile abalone reared through intermediate culture to fed SW of A, that the absolute growth rate ($AGR_{SL}$, $AGR_{SB}$), daily growth rate ($DGR_{SL}$, $DGR_{SB}$), and specific growth rate ($SGR_{SL}$, $SGR_{SB}$) to the shell length (SL) and shell breadth (SB) of experimental groups were not significant. As weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight through intermediate culture types in land-based tank was not significant. However, as to survival rate to experimental groups, A-FC was higher than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results is showed that was not difference to growth of juvenile abalone over 2 cm fed seaweed diet and artificial diet according to intermediate culture types. But floor culture with artificial diet indicate that was highest to survival rate, therefore, it is beneficial for higher productivity in floor culture with artificial diet among intermediate culture types.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-76
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• 2013

Based on an analysis of the Japanese animation director Kamiyama Kenji's Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex series, this paper discusses two important subjects in modern technoscience-cyborg and old age. In fact, age has been an important social and political category in the modern world, along with gender, race, and class. However, age has not been a significant research topic for STS scholars. Even though many of these investigators have extensively explored the complex relationship between gender and technoscience, especially after the publication of Donna Haraway's "Cyborg Manifesto" (1991), few of them have been interested in how age is reconfigured by modern science and technology. If women, as Haraway has claimed, can have a different political and cultural outlook by becoming cyborgs, then, can we expect a similar socio-cultural transformation with regard to the interaction between cyborg and old age? Do the elderly experience lesser age discrimination through the growth of biomedicine and technoscience? Indeed, it is believed that seniors are increasingly becoming cyborgs with advancing age, since their declining bodily functions are consistently replaced and assisted by various biomedical technologies. Does this enable them to overcome ageism and age discrimination as well as their alleged physiological and mental limitations? As an answer to this question, Mike Featherstone has asserted that becoming a cyborg in old age could make the wrinkled skin a mere mask and create diverse new possibilities that were hitherto unavailable to an aging person. Based on my reading of Ghost in the Shell, however, I analyze a more complex set of problems when the senile cyborg is created through the encounter between the elderly and technoscience. I argue that while the senile cyborg could challenge traditional family ideology and nationalism it would leave ageism intact and define a new individualistic life form through a body controlled within the globalized internet and capitalist economy.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 1981

Calcium and phosphorus are not only indispensable for the bone formation and body fluids equilibrium but also are major components of egg shell. It is nutritionally important, therefore, to investigate the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and to search for optimum requirement of calcium and phosphorus and the availability of various sources of calcium an4 phosphorus by poultry. An attempt was made to review the nutrition of calcium and phosphorus in poultry diets. 1, Calcium and phosphorus have great interrelationship with vitamin D in their metabolisms. 2. Most of the plant-origin phosphorus are existing in phytic form and it leads to low availability when used in poultry rations, although calcium and phosphorus present in animal-origin or mineral supplements are highly available in general. 3. Calcium and phosphorus requirement from existing information indicated that 1.0% calcium and 0.7% phosphorus for broiler and egg-type chicks, and 3.5% calcium and 0.4% phosphorus for laying hen. 4. It has been recommended that calcium and phosphorus level should be increased when the feed intake was decreased or when the egg Production rate was higher or when the hens are old. 5. Mono-, ci-, tri-, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, bone meal, limestone and oyster shell u the most readily available among various sources of calcium phosphorus supplements. Soft rock phosphate, deflourinated phosphate and gypsum are somewhat inferior to the previous ones in bioavailability. 6. The effect of particle size of calcium supplements on egg shell quality and egg production rate is not yet clearly defined but recent works showed that oyster shell is more available when it was coarse and limestone is more available when it was fine in panicle. size. 7. Present data indicated that mixed feeding of oyster shell and limestone is superior to the single feeding of each on laying performance. 8. Significant interaction between phosphorus and sodium was observed, that is, excessive sodium decreased egg production in layer and body weight growth in broiler in the low phosphorus diets but increased them in the high phosphorus diets.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.16 no.1_2
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• pp.31-34
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• 2000

A series of rearing experiments have been conducted to determine the growth and survival rate in accordance with body size in closed recirculating sea water system. The abalone, Sulculus aquatilis, spat of 10.24${\pm}$0.85 mm, 0.36${\pm}$0.l g and 24.9${\pm}$1.07 mm 2.07${\pm}$0.57 g in shell length and body weight were used in this study Ranges of water temperature and pH during the rearing period of 90 days were 10.0-24.2$^{\circ}C$ and 7.8-8.2, respectively. Dissolved oxygen during the experiment period was 6.13-7.21 ml/l and inorganic nitrate was 0.68-3.72 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in NH$_4$$\^$+/-N, 0.17-7.79 fm in NO$_2$-N and 0.4-11.52 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in NO $_2$-N, Growth in shell length and body weight of the spat in large group and small group at the end of the experiment were 30.80${\pm}$3.14 mm, 17.98${\pm}$2.61 mm and 3.20${\pm}$0.8 g, 0.36${\pm}$0.1 g, and survival rate of spat in large group and small group at the end of the rearing experiment were 96.0% and 90.0% , respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 1987

A total of 1,440 White Leghorn pullets hatched in summer and winter, aged 20 to 72 weeks were fed 9 rations differing in dietary protein (13, 15 and 17%) and energy (2,500, 2,700 and 2,900 kcal/kg) levels for a period of 52 weeks in order to evaluate the optimum dietary energy and protein levels for laying hens. As metabolizable energy level increased from 2,500 to 2,900 kcal/kg of feed egg production, daily feed and protein intake and egg shell quality decreased, but reverse was true for the daily energy intake, energy requirement and feed cost per kg egg, body weight gain, nutrients utilizability and abdominal fat accumulation, Egg weight, viability and egg yolk Pigmentation were not affected by the dietary energy level. On the other hand, as dietary protein level increased from 13 to 17%, egg production, egg weight, daily protein intake, protein requirement per kg egg and body weight gain icreased, but daily feed and energy intake, feed and energy requirement per kg egg, egg yolk pigmentation and dry matter utilizability decreased, and no significant difference in the feed cost per kg egg, viability and egg shell quality was observed among dietary protein levels. However: the hens fed 15% and 17% Protein diets did not show significant differences in egg production, egg weight and body weight gain. For the entire laying period of 52 weeks, metabolizable energy level of 2,500 kcal/kg of feed and 15% dietary protein level were considered to be adequate to support the optimum productivity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 1999

A 15-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of formulated diet or macroalgae (Undaria pinnatifida) on the survival, growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) under the different rearing environmental conditions (four shelter types and two water temperatures). Water temperature was maintained to $16.4^{\circ}C$ by heated and $13.7^{\circ}C$ by not heated natural sea water. The survival rate, weight gain and shell growth of abalone were affected by diet and water temperature (P<0.001). Survival rate of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria pinnatifida at natural sea water (P<0.05), but this value was not influenced within abalone stocked at heated sea water in each shelter group (P>0.05). Weight and shell growth of abalone fed the formulated diets were significantly higher than those of abalone fed the Undaria pinnatifida at each temperature or shelter (P<0.05). Moisture, lipid and ash contents of the soft body were mainly affected by feeding diet than temperature or shelter (P<0.05). This study indicate that formulated diet used in this experiment could improve the growth of abalone independent of water temperature or shelter. and heated water could show a better growth of abalone in winter season.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1998

A 20-week growth trial was conducted in flow-through aquarium system to investigate the effects of supplemental macroalgae and spirulina in the diets on growth and body cmposition in juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). Four replicate groups of the abalone averaging 65mg were fed one of ten isonitrogenous (34%) and isolipidic (7.5%) diets containing 8.1% Ulva, 7.5% Undaria, 11% Laminara, 11% Sargassum, spirulina (5, 10 and 15%), or dried Undaria powder (10 and 20%). In addition, these formulated diets were compared with natural food(dried Undaria). Survival rate of abalone were not significantly affected by the different dietary macoralgae sources, spirulina or dried Undaria powder levels (P>0.05). Weight gain and soft body weight of abalone fed the diet containing Sargassum was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of abalone fed the diets containing Laminaria, 20% dried Undaria powder and natural food. Survival rate, weight gain, soft body weight and shell length of abalone fed natural food were lowest (P<0.05) among all diet. Moisture, protein and lipid contents of soft body were not influenced by experimental diets except natural food. Lipid content of abalones fed natural food was significantly lower than those of abalone fed other diets (P<0.05). These data indicate that abalone can more efficiently utilize Sargassum than Ulva, Undaria, Laminaria or spirulina.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2000

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of several yeasts with or without chemical treatment (protoplasted) in formulated diets on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone(Haliotis discus hanai). There replicate groups of the abalone average weighing 210 mg were fed one of eight isonitrogenous (30%) and isolipidic (4.4%) diets containing 3% Kluyveromyces fragilis protoplasted K. fragilis Candida utilis protoplasted C. utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae protoplasted S. cerevisiae or brewer's yeast. In addition these formulated diets were compared with commercial diet. Survival rate and proximate analysis of soft whole body of abalone were not significantly affected by the different dietary yeasts and commercial diet (P>0.05) Body weight gain and soft body weight control diet and diets containing S. cerevisiae or brewer's yeast (P<0.05) Shell length of abalone fed yeast and commercial diet (P<0.05) Th results suggest that protoplasted K. fragilis as an additive in this formulated diet can improve weight gain of abalone.