• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.617-622
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of the extract (0, 2, 4, 6, 8%) and crude enzyme (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1%) extracted from the fruits of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold) on the tenderness and palatability of Jangchorim. Addition of up to 8% of the extract diminished the shear force by 4.8∼27%, while the addition of up to 1% of the crude enzyme begot 7.8∼34.2% decrease. Also, as the addition of the fruits of paper mulberry increased, the cooking loss was somewhat decreased, an the redness of cooked beef surface and free amino acid content in the liquid part of Jangchorim were generally increased. The contents of the mineral were in the order of Na, K, P, Ca, and Mg when crude enzyme was added. In sensory evaluation, the 4% crude extract from the fruit of paper mulberry and 0.1% addition in its crude enzyme showed the most favorable response.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.205-218
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to develop and utilize new assessment of liquefaction potential based on DSC(disturbed state concept) and dissipated energy concept. The term liquefaction has suddenly loses its shear strength and behaves like a fluid. Liquefaction has been a source of a major damage during severe earthquake. In this study, the cyclic undrained behavior of Joomoonjin strand is investigated by using an automates triaxial testing device(C. K. Chan type). In order to assess liquefaction potential of saturated strand, DSC method and energy method are applied for the experimental data. The use of DSC method and energy method to define the liquefaction potential is verified through laboratory testis of cyclic triaxial test on saturated sand specimens. Based on the analytical results of DSC method, the relationship between the factor affecting liquefaction characteristics(Dr) and physical properties of the saturated santa(fs and D.) is found. Based on the analytical results of energy method, it is found that the initial liquefaction of rand is related to the significant change in the dissipated energy. Finally, it is shown that the DSC method and energy method can capture the liquefaction mechanism.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.333-341
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• 2014

Since distribution and preservation of cultural artifacts in the submarine sediments are directly affected by not only ocean currents and tides, but also their composition, it is very important to investigate geological characteristics of sediments and ocean-sediment interactions for maritime archaeological survey. Physical properties of submarine sediments, which are collected by grab sampler and vibro-corer, are analyzed in order to investigate effects of submarine environment on development of maritime archaeological survey techniques. Result of physical property analysis showed that bulk density, shear strength, and magnetic susceptibility increase with depth, while water contents and porosity decrease with depth. Since the magnetic susceptibility of bedrock is about 40 times that of submarine sediments, it might impact greatly on the response of magnetic survey. Physical properties of sediments with depth and sediment classification by Folk's ternary diagram indicate that submarine sediment mainly consists of silt, and cultural artifacts can not penetrate no deeper than 1.5 m in sediments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1796-1802
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the optimal space allowance on growth performance, blood profile and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of ninety crossbred pigs [$(Yorkshire{\times}Landrace){\times}Duroc$, $30.25{\pm}1.13kg$] were allocated into three treatments (0.96: four pigs/pen, $0.96m^2/pig$; 0.80: five pigs/pen, $0.80m^2/pig$; 0.69: six pigs/pen, $0.69m^2/pig$) in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were housed in balanced sex and had free access to feed in all phases for 14 weeks (growing phase I, growing phase II, finishing phase I, and finishing phase II). Results: There was no statistical difference in growing phase, but a linear decrease was observed on average daily gain (ADG, p<0.01), average daily feed intake (ADFI, p<0.01), and body weight (BW, p<0.01) with decreasing space allowance in late finishing phase. On the other hand, a quadratic effect was observed on gain to feed ratio in early finishing phase (p<0.03). Consequently, overall ADG, ADFI, and final BW linearly declined in response to decreased space allowance (p<0.01). The pH of pork had no significant difference in 1 hour after slaughter, whereas there was a linear decrease in 24 h after slaughter with decreasing space allowance. Floor area allowance did not affect pork colors, but shear force linearly increased as floor space decreased (p<0.01). There was a linear increase in serum cortisol concentration on 14 week (p<0.05) with decreased space allocation. Serum IgG was linearly ameliorated as space allowance increased on 10 week (p<0.05) and 14 week (p<0.01). Conclusion: Data from current study indicated that stress derived from reduced space allowance deteriorates the immune system as well as growth performance of pigs, resulting in poor pork quality. Recommended adequate space allowance in a grow-to-finish production system is more than $0.80m^2/pig$ for maximizing growth performance and production efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.38-50
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• 2008

The site-specific seismic responses and corresponding seismic hazards are influenced mainly by the subsurface geologic and geotechnical dynamic characteristics. To estimate reliably the seismic responses in this study, a geotechnical information system (GTIS) within GIS framework was developed by introducing new concepts, which consist of the extended area containing the study area and the additional site visit for acquiring surface geo-knowledge data. The GIS-based GTIS was built for Gyeongju area, which has records of abundant historical seismic hazards reflecting the high potential of future earthquakes. At the study area, Gyeongju, intensive site investigations and pre-existing geotechnical data collections were performed and the site visits were additionally carried out for assessing geotechnical characteristics and shear wave velocity ($V_S$) representing dynamic property. Within the GTIS for Gyeongju area, the spatially distributed geotechnical layers and $V_S$ in the entire study area were reliably predicted from the site investigation data using the geostatistical kriging method. Based on the spatial geotechnical layers and $V_S$ predicted within the GTIS, a seismic zoning map on site period ($T_G$) from which the site-specific seismic responses according to the site effects can be estimated was created across the study area of Gyeongju. The spatial $T_G$ map at Gyeongju indicated seismic vulnerability of two- to five-storied buildings. In this study, the seismic zonation based on $T_G$ within the GIS-based GTIS was presented as regional efficient strategy for seismic hazard prediction and mitigation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.118-134
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• 2015

An analytical solution of dynamic responses for seabed in shallow, finite and infinite thicknesses has been developed under flow and standing wave coexisting field at a constant water depth condition. To do this, based on the Biot's consolidation theory, the seabed is assumed as a porous elastic media with the assumptions that pore fluid is compressible and Darcy law governs the flow. The developed analytical solution is compared with the previous results and is verified. Using the analytical solution the deformation, pore pressure, effective and shear stresses of seabed are examined under various given values of flow velocity, incident wave period and seabed thickness. From this study, it is confirmed that the seabed response is quite different depending on consideration of flow, which causes changing period and length of incident and reflection waves.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

In this study, the target ground was selected for the assessment of liquefaction, for which energy-based Arias intensity liquefaction assessment method was applied, The results of evaluation by simplified method using conventional in-situ test were compared. The result of the assessment of liquefaction revealed that the safety factor of the Arias Intensity using the actual records of the Hachinohe and Ofunato earthquake showed generally similar trends with the simplified method, However, the Arias Intensity factor of safety for the artificial earthquake created from the design response spectrum showed some difference from the factors of safety of the simplified method. The shear stress ratio and the occurrence strength of the Arias Intensity are differently calculated between stress and energy, but the resistance stress ratio of the simplified method and the resistance strength of the Arias Intensity use the empirical chart of the results of the standard penetration test for the actual liquefaction areas by the earthquake, which seems the reason for the similar results between Arias Intensity assessment and stress concept simplified method for Hachinohe and Ofunato earthquakes. Therefore, it was found that the energy-based Arias Intensity liquefaction assessment could represent the dynamic changes of the ground caused by seismic characteristics such as acceleration, magnitude, duration and amplitude.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2018

The primary cilium protrudes from the cell body like a bio-antenna that has many receptors, channels and signaling molecules to sense and response to external stimuli. The external environment such as ultraviolet irradiation, temperature, humidity, gravity and shear stress always influences skin. Skin responds to external stimuli and differentiates by making melanin, collagen and horny layer. Ciliogenesis participates in developmental processes of skin, such as keratinocyte differentiation and hair formation. And it was reported that skin pigmentation was inhibited when ciliogenesis was induced by sonic hedgehog-smoothened-GLI2 signaling. When skin is exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormones (${\alpha}$-MSH) increase melanin synthesis through activation of the cAMP pathway in melanocytes. We observed that ${\alpha}$-MSH and cAMP production inducers inhibited ciliogenesis of melanocytes. Therefore, we thought that regulation of ciliogenesis is potential candidate target for the development of agents to treat undesirable hyperpigmentation of skin. As a result, we found out that an ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (EGG) root and 3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamate thymol ester (TCTE, Melasolv) significantly inhibit melanin synthesis of normal human melanocyte by inducing primary cilium formation. This study proposed new theory to regulate skin pigmentation and cosmetic components for skin whitening.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.123-134
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• 1993

A rapid progress has been made over last decade in the state-of-the-art earthquake structura1 engineering towards a better understanding of both the earthqauke ground motion and structural response. These efforts seek to ensure that there will be no serious injury or loss of life in the event of earthquake, and that structures can be built at minimum cost. The design of structures in general, concrete structures in particular, to resist strong ground input motions is not a simple matter, and analytical models for such structures must be developed from a design perspective that accounts for the complexities of the structural responses. The primary obj ective of earthquake structural engineering research is to ensure the safety of structures by understanding and improving a design methodology. Ideally, this would require the development of an analytical model related to a design methodology that ensures a ductile performance. For the accurate assessment of the adequacy of analytically developed model, experiments conducted to study the inplane inelastic cyclic behavior of structures should verify the analytical approach. The fundamental goal of this paper is to present and demonstrate experimentally verified analytical methods that provide the adequate degree of safety and confidience in the behavior of reinforced concrete structural components. This study further attempts to extend the developed modeling techruque for use by practicing structural engineers for both the analysis and design.Plication of the relaxed diaphragm through left thoracotomy was done and result was excellent as seen on Fig. 5. Cause of eventration of the left hemidiaphragm was due to paralysis of the left phrenic nerve which was tested during thoracotomy.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2012

Fixed connection is generally used for beam and column connections of concrete structures, but significant damages at the connection due to severe earthquakes have been reported. In order to reduce damages of the connection and improve seismic performance of the connection, several innovative connections have been suggested. One newly proposed connection type allows a rotation of the connection for applications in rotating or rocking beams, columns, and shear walls. Such structural elements would provide a nonlinear lateral force-displacement response since their contact depth developed during rotation is gradually reduced and the stress across the sections of the elements is non-linearly distributed around a contact area, which is called an elastic hinge region in the present study. The purpose of the present study is to define the elastic hinge region or length for the rocking columns, through investigating the cross-sectional stress distribution during their lateral behavior. Performing a finite element analysis (FEA), several parameters are considered including axial load levels (5% and 10% of nominal strength), different boundary conditions (confined-ends and cantilever types), and slenderness ratios (length/depth = 5, 7, 10). The FEA results showed that the elastic hinge length does not directly depend on the parameters considered, but it is governed by a contact depth only. The elastic hinge length started to develop after an opening state and increased non-linearly until a rocking point(pre-rocking). However, the length did not increase any more after the rocking point (post-rocking) and remained as a constant value. Half space model predicting the elastic hinge length is adapted and the results are compared with the numerical results.