• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2012

Thermally Activated Building System(TABS) is a radiant heating and cooling system which uses structures as thermal storage by embedding pipes in a concrete slab. Using TABS as the cooling system in residential buildings can reduce energy consumption and peak loads. But the ratio of cooling loads handled by TABS is low in the residential buildings which are significantly influenced by outside condition because condensation and over-cooling may occur. However, recent interest on energy-saving buildings is increasing and new residential buildings are expected to be less influenced by outside with high-insulation and shading. In such residential buildings, the heating and cooling loads and the range of load changes reduce. So the ratio of loads handled by TABS can increase. Therefore, this research investigates the cooling performance and energy performance of TABS in the residential buildings with less influence from outside using the simulation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.98-108
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• 2006

The climate of urban area is an unstable type with considerable seasonal variation in precipitation wind speed, and temperature and it grows worse. Besides, ozone is a serious air pollutant in most of large cities. So worldwide, some of large cities are investing in forestry options to offset their climate problems, but lack of information has hindered comparisons of urban un cost effectiveness to other options. This research intends to study the economic benefits of tree shading of 19 parking lots in UCD campus. The economic benefits of tree shading are air conditioning savings, air quality, stormwater run-off, and other benefits. Especially, this study focuses how much the economic benefit of parking lot shading has been increased from 1995 to 2003 year by aerophoto. Some data on dimensions of parking lots and the number, size, tree species, and location of trees around each parking lot was inventoried. Two aerophotos(1995,2003) were used in order to analyze the increasement of tree canopy in 19 parking lots for 8 years. However, increasing coverage of trees and managing them for healthy growth would not be sufficient for avoiding adverse impacts by future climate change. Additional measures should be followed such as an increase of energy use efficiency and development of substitute energy. For example, coverage of trees help to save cooling energy by blocking solar radiation reaching parking cars and building structures through shading, and creating cool micro-climates through evapotranspiration. They also reduce heating demand by decreasing air infiltration and heat conduction out of the interior of buildings. Proper arrangement of vegetation over the parking lots can reduce cooling and heating costs. So proper planting design around hard space paving including species selection and location can significantly save cooling and heating energy. And a reduction in car and building's heating and cooling costs results in the reduction in energy demand which causes to emissions of air pollutants. Total increased tree canopy from 1995 to 2003 is $8,470.45m^2$ and the economic benefits is US$ 5,282.10. The economic benefit of one tree has been US$ 7.21 for 8 years. And an annually increased benefit is US$ 0.9 per a tree. If this kind of study is applied to studying the economic benefits of tree canopy in parking lots of Korea, it could result in guidelines of tree planting of parking lots. Because the trees selected for planting in parking lots were not suitable for an environment, the guidelines should contain a recommended list of trees. The guidelines should propose the shading percentage of parking lot when we plan a parking lot and contain the maintenance of trees in order to maximize the economic benefits of tree canopy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.191-194
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• 2003

인삼은 2000년 말 현재 재배농가 23,011호, 재배면적 12,445ha, 생산액 3,728억원(전체 농업생산액의 1.8%), 수출액 7,900만 달러(전체 농산물 수출금액의 약 7%)를 차지하고 있는 주요 작물이며, 우리나라 농가 경제에 기여할 수 있는 유망 종목으로써 발전의 잠재력은 매우 크다(농협연감, 2001). (중략)

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.23-32
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to quantify human energy budgets for different structures of outdoor spatial surfaces affecting thermal comfort, to analyze the impacts of tree shading on building energy savings, and to suggest desirable strategies of urban greenspace planning concerned. Concrete paving and grass spaces without tree shading and compacted-sand spaces with tree shading were selected to reflect archetypal compositional types for outdoor spatial materials. The study then estimated human energy budgets in static activity for the 3 space types. Major determinants of energy budgets were the presence of shading and also the albedo and temperature of base surfaces. The energy budgets for concrete paving and grass spaces without tree shading were $284\;W/m^2$ and $226\;W/m^2$, respectively, and these space types were considerably poor in thermal comfort. Therefore, it is desirable to construct outdoor resting spaces with evapotranspirational shade trees and natural materials for the base plane. Building energy savings from tree shading for the case of Daegu in the southern region were quantified using computer modeling programs and compared with a previous study for Chuncheon in the middle region. Shade trees planted to the west of a building were most effective for annual savings of heating and cooling energy. Plantings of shade trees in the south should be avoided, because they increased heating energy use with cooling energy savings low in both climate regions. A large shade tree in the west and east saved cooling energy by 1~2% across building types and regions. Based on previous studies and these results, some strategies including indicators for urban greenspace planning were suggested to improve thermal comfort of outdoor spaces and to save energy use in indoor spaces. These included thermal comfort in construction materials for outdoor spaces, building energy savings through shading, evapotranspiration and windspeed mitigation by greenspaces, and greenspace areas and volume for air-temperature reductions. In addition, this study explored the application of the strategies to greenspace-related regulations to ensure their effectiveness.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.270-278
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• 2013

Purpose: Using agricultural machinery was not easy in the conventional shading structure, specified as a standard facility by standard cultivation methods for ginseng. Thus, this study designed the new types of facility allowing machine access by modifying the conventional type. Methods: Two types of facility (i.e. wide roof type and long & short roof type) were designed and installed in an experimental site to evaluate its growing environments and applicability of riding-type cultivator. Results: From the results of incoming light measurement, all three types (i.e. two new types and a conventional type) of shading structures blocked the incoming light after 9:00 am. The temperature distribution inside the new types was similar with the one in the conventional type, so the growth of ginseng was in good condition in all three types of facility. The riding-type cultivator was operated well with the low speed first gear of 0.13 m/s in the new types. However, a long & short typed roof needs to be raised 18 cm height in order to use the cultivator. Conclusions: With the results of this study, the new types of roof can be used in the ginseng farm in that they satisfied the growing environments for ginseng and the needs for agricultural mechanization.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2022

Background: The exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is a significant risk factor generally underestimated by outdoor workers and employers. Several studies have pointed out that occupational solar exposure increased eye and skin diseases with a considerable impact on the lives and productivity of affected workers. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness against ultraviolet radiation of some measures recently undertaken for the protection of lifeguards in a coastal area of Tuscany. Methods: Different shading structures (gazebos and beach umbrella) were tested during a sunny summer's day on a sandy beach by means of two radiometers; the UV protection offered by some T-shirts used by lifeguards was also tested in the laboratory with a spectrophotometer. Results: The analysed shading structures strongly reduced the ultraviolet radiation by up to 90%, however a not always negligible diffuse radiation is also present in the shade, requiring further protective measures (T-shirt, sunglasses, sunscreen, etc.); the tested T-shirts showed a very good-excellent protection according to the Australian/New Zealand standard. Conclusion: Results obtained in this study suggest how the adoption and dissemination of good practices, including those tested, could be particularly effective as a primary prevention for lifeguards who are subjected to very high levels of radiation for long periods.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.40
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• pp.139-148
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• 2003

For lighting design in such diverse structures, we need lots of considerations, such as use and characteristics of the structure, harmony with its surroundings, and the function and type of lighting to be installed. The structural characteristics is determined by its shape and several vertical and horizontal factors based on the shape, which can be focused on at day time by shading, the surface structure, the quality of the surface and the color. On the other hand, they can be at night hidden in the darkness or enforced strongly by the effect of the lighting. In this paper, correlation between the ways of lighting and building facade types according to vocabularies for sensitivity is explored based upon an analysis of building facades for small-scale commerce which plays an important role in cityscape lighting design. It is considered that categorization of types of building facades, presented in this article, and the classification system of exterior lighting methods can be useful in planning lighting. And the process of the study is thought to be able to present a method about the exterior lighting planning. Furthermore, computer simulation on the bases of the correlation model of the lighting methods related to vocabularies for sensitivity about the building facade types is expected to be data and means which can be a great help for designers to predict various results quickly.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.151-159
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• 2011

Due to the Korean government's renewable energy support policy such as the renewable energy utilization building certificate and enlarging the compulsory ratio of investment on the public building, the rooftop photovoltaic projects are expanding rapidly. It is very important for the rooftop photovoltaic projects to analyze the shading effect of the adjacent structures or own facilities. But, the photovoltaic arrangements are planned by the experience of the designers or simple graphic tools. The purpose of this study is to build the process model for optimizing of rooftop photovoltaic arrangement based on three-dimensional geo-spatial information.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2012

This study examines how fence demolition may change the thermal environments of external spaces of houses and suggests what factors need to be considered when a fence is demolished. The results of the research are summarized as follows. In terms of the surface temperature, there was no significant difference in all time plots after the removal of all materials. However, applying greening methods (changing the surface materials, planting trees, and building a green roof following fence demolition) could lower the surface temperatures, calling for proper plans for various greening methods. The MRT results indicates that walls block solar radiation and provide shade, reducing radiant heat from roads and surrounding structures during the daytime when solar radiation directly effects surface temperatures. Also, the application of greening methods such as planting vegetation and trees could have shading and evapotranspiration effects, leading to a lower temperature distribution. The HIP results were similar to the MRT results. They indicated that walls block solar radiation within the residential sections and provide shade, resulting in a lower temperature distribution during the daytime. However, areas where greening methods such as a green roof or tree planting were applied showed $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ difference in temperature distribution.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.2854-2863
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• 2023

Objective: To present a hybrid approach that incorporates a constrained beam-hardening estimator (CBHE) and deep learning (DL)-based post-refinement for metal artifact reduction in dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Constrained beam-hardening estimator (CBHE) is derived from a polychromatic X-ray attenuation model with respect to X-ray transmission length, which calculates associated parameters numerically. Deep-learning-based post-refinement with an artifact disentanglement network (ADN) is performed to mitigate the remaining dark shading regions around a metal. Artifact disentanglement network (ADN) supports an unsupervised learning approach, in which no paired CBCT images are required. The network consists of an encoder that separates artifacts and content and a decoder for the content. Additionally, ADN with data normalization replaces metal regions with values from bone or soft tissue regions. Finally, the metal regions obtained from the CBHE are blended into reconstructed images. The proposed approach is systematically assessed using a dental phantom with two types of metal objects for qualitative and quantitative comparisons. Results: The proposed hybrid scheme provides improved image quality in areas surrounding the metal while preserving native structures. Conclusion: This study may significantly improve the detection of areas of interest in many dentomaxillofacial applications.