• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2017

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr.) grows naturally under shading of tree canopy, therefore shading levels take a main role for an optimal growth of sugar palm seedlings. The study was conducted to examine the effect of shading levels on the seedlings growth of sugar palm for up to 11 months under four shading levels: S0 (100% of full sunlight or non-shading), S1 (32% shading level), S2 (56% shading level), and S3 (64% shading level). Sugar palm seedlings grown under the shade (32, 56, and 64%) showed better plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, petiole and rachis length, chlorophyll content, root fresh and dry weights, root volume, and total biomass than those grown without shading. Although there were no significant different responses among the shading treatments on plant height, biomass dry weight, leaf morphological characters, chlorophyll content, and SPAD value, the S2 treatment showed a significant effect on a better root characters. Therefore, it can be concluded that the S2 treatment, 56% shading level, is an optimal shading condition for sugar palm seedlings.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2012

Herbal medicines have been used since the dawn of civilization to maintain health and to treat diseases. Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading cause of death in many developed countries. The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in India. It was estimated that India which had 19.4 million diabetes in 1995 is expected to register a near threefold increase by. Many plants reported to be useful for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in ayurvedic medicine, are being tested for their hypoglycemic activity in experimental animals Lagerstroemia flos- reginae is one such plant commonly found as shade trees in Kerala. In Ayurveda both root and leaves are used in the treatment of diabetes. The main objective of this study was to assess the antidiabetic effect of the alcohol extracted leaves of Lagerstroemia flos- reginae in alloxan induced diabetic rats in terms of controlling blood glucose level, lipid profile, bilirubin, uric acid in serum and lipid peroxides and glutathione in the liver of the experimental animals. The present study has been undertaken to observe the protective effect of the active constituents of Lagerstroemia flos- reginae leaf extracts against alloxan induced diabetes in experimental animal model. The activity of the active constituents was compared with Daonil -a standard drug.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.405-411
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• 2022

Production of lettuce under indoor cultivation is highly affected by light intensity. In this study, we used shade cloth (commercial black net) to examine the effect of these condition on growth without an associated yield penalty of container-grown lettuce. Four levels of shading treatments (0%, 35%, 55%, and 75% referred to as Cont., S₃₅, S₅₅, and S₇₅ with respect to Cont.) and two lettuce varieties (red and blue) were evaluated. Variety-specific growth responses were observed with respect to different levels of shading treatments. High growth of red lettuce was occurred in Cont. treatment despite plant height and leaf length being higher than Cont. However, under 35% shading treatment blue lettuce was higher than in control plants. The highest root length was observed 0% shading (Cont.) of both varieties. These results reinforce the idea that blue lettuce is the better leafy vegetable rather than red lettuce for indoor cultivation related to lower light intensity environment conditions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.338-351
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• 2018

This study was conducted in a long-term experimental forest in the central hardwoods region of southwestern Michigan to retrospectively examine the role of past forest management practices and climate on red oak (Quercus rubra L.) productivity. Initially, in 1971, plots within the experimental forest were treated separately with a clearcut and shelterwood regeneration harvest in an attempt to increase red oak regeneration. From 1987-1989, a new study was initiated within a portion of the clearcut and shelterwood plots to evaluate the effectiveness of additional oak crop tree release using mechanical and chemical applications. Cumulative diameter and mortality rates of 719 red oaks were monitored across the four silvicultural treatments: Clearcut-A (clearcut without additional release treatment), Clearcut-B (clearcut with additional release treatment), Shelterwood-A (shelterwood without additional release), and Shelterwood-B (shelterwood with additional release) plus an untreated control. Increment cores were obtained from red oak trees and neighboring competitor species. Tree-ring analyses (dendrochronology) were applied to examine the effect of these silvicultural treatments and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) on red oak productivity. The results indicated that crop tree release following a clearcut or shelterwood harvest reduced mortality rates and thus increased survival of red oak. Red oak in control plots or plots only receiving the initial regeneration harvesting treatment and no additional competition release were negatively affected by climatic stress, which included summer moisture stress. In contrast, red oak in plots that received the competition release treatment from shade tolerant tree species not only had higher tree level productivity (i.e., tree basal area) and lower mortality rates, but were also relatively more resilient to climatic stress by showing limited or no associations between climate and growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2024

Environmental factors play an important role in crop growth and development. In recent years, climate change has become a challenge that limits environmental factors. Light is an important environmental factor for photosynthesis in rice. In addition, temperature is one of the most important factors for rice production; thus, a 1℃ increase in temperature because of climate change can affect rice growth and development. Therefore, we investigated the effect of shading on the growth characteristics of rice under different temperature conditions from the vegetative stage to the flowering stage. Plants were grown at three different temperatures: 26℃/16℃ for 21℃, 29℃/19℃ for 24℃, and 22℃/32℃ for 27℃ in a phytotron. A 55% shade treatment was applied after 10 days of transplanting until the flowering stage. Plant height was not affected by the shading treatment. In the maximum tiller number response to shading, a lower tiller number and growth speed of tiller was found in the 27℃ condition. Among leaf characteristics, shading increased the flag leaf area, length, width, and effective leaf area; however, it decreased the leaf number on the main stem, especially at 27℃. In terms of stem characteristics, shading affected culm wall thickness in both varieties. Finally, regarding the panicle characteristics, lower panicle numbers, spikelet numbers per panicle, primary numbers, and secondary numbers per panicle were found under the shading treatment. Most of the desirable characteristics were affected by the shading treatment at 27℃. Overall, these results indicated that shading had a greater effect on rice plant growth at high temperature.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.387-394
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the whitening efficacy and longevity of home bleaching. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 patients were divided into either experimental group (Opalescence F; 15% carbamide peroxide) or control group randomly. The patients in experimental group were instructed to wear individual trays applied with bleaching gel for 2 hours a day for 4 weeks. Any treatments weren't applied to the patients in control group. The color measurements of central incisors, lateral incisors & canines of upper and lower arch were recorded at base line, immediately after the finishment of treatmemt (4 weeks), 8 weeks and 12 weeks using Colorimeter (Chroma Meter, 2600d Konica Minolta co.) and Vitapan classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik). Results: A significantly stronger color change was observed for overall teeth samples in experimental group immediately after treatment (at 4 weeks) compared to ones in control group (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between baseline and 8 weeks or 12 weeks separately though color rebouncing phenomenon occurred as time went by (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The clinical effecacy and longevity of home bleaching without combined application of in-office bleaching was observed through this experiment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 1991

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of light shading around the heading stage on grain yield and its components of rice. Early, medium, and late-maturing varieties were trected with the light shading of 50% and 75% from the reduction division stage to 20 days after heading date. Heading date were delayed 2-3 days, whereas the mid -late varieties, Sangpung- byeo, and Bongkwang- byeo were no significantly affected. Culm length was increased and panicle exsersion was reduced as the shading treatments become higher, and the degree of the shading effect was more intensive at 75% of shading. The rate of spikllet degeneration was higher at the secondary rachis branches than the primary rachis branch. The early maturing varieties showed the higher rate of spikelet degeneration. Spikelet number was reduced 12-15, spikelet sterility was increased and ripening rate was declined by the shading treatments. Grain yield was decreased by 30-40% at the shading treatment of 50%, and 50% at the shade treatment of 75%.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2003

It has been known that the natural colorants exhibit good dye-uptake toward cotton, silk, and wool fibers, while they do poorly toward synthetic fibers. This study utilizes the chitosan treatment in order to improve the dye-uptake for the natural fibers and to enable the synthetic fibers, whose dye-uptake levels are low, show better affinity toward the natural colorants. Since chitosan has $-NH_2$ group and -OH group in the structure, the dyeability of the fabric will be improved when the fabric is treated with the chitosan. Cotton fabric as one of the natural fiber fabrics and nylon fabric as one of the synthetic fiber fabrics were selected for this study. 1. In case of cotton fabric, the chiosan treatment takes effect for the Caesalpinia sappan and cochineal, resulting in remarkable ${\Delta}E$ increase after dyeing. Chitosan helps in developing dark shade by increasing the uptake of the Caesalpinia sappan and cochineal. It does not, however, participate in the developing of the specific color as does a metallic mordant. 2. In case of dyeing cotton fabric with Gardenia jasminoides, the effect of the treatment with mordant and chitosan is not very pronounced. It is thought that the Gardenia jasminoides uptake is accomplished in a direct manner in the cellulose chains without the aid of mordant. 3. Air-permeability is decreased when the non-mordanted and non-chitosan treated cotton fabric is dyed with Caesalpinia sappan, cochineal, and Gardenia jasminoides. 4. In case of nylon fabric, premordanting and chitosan treatments are not highly effective in promoting the dye-uptake.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2006

Through the investigation and analysis for awareness about Tooth Bleaching treatment for general adults, to rethink the real ideas of Tooth Bleaching which adults has already had and to find the method for generalized Tooth Bleaching, this study made a survey about General Awareness and Common sense for Tooth Bleaching and Oral Health Knowledge and Generalization Methods for 570adult citizen in Busan from 1th August to 10th September. The obtained results were as follows 1. Tooth Shade self contentment was found low, self-discontent respondents were 73.5% and self-content respondents were 26.5%. 2. Tooth Bleaching recognition was found high, as for the recognition period, between 2 and 5 years is 65.5% and as for the recognition route, 33.9% were through broadcast medium. 3. General knowledge for Tooth Bleaching was found low as 2.34(1.12) of 5 score and it is similar to ages and occupations(pE0.001, pE0.05). 4. Tooth Bleaching treatment method appears Home Bleaching and In-Office bleaching was 73.5% and 26.5% respectively. The other side medical institution chosen for Tooth Bleaching treatment appears dental hospital or dental clinic and Home bleaching was 75.6% and 12.1% respectively. 5. To generalize the Tooth Bleaching Care, recommendations of oral health care team and oral health education and development of information data also need to be performed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2009

In order to characterize the ecological traits of Quercus acutissima, Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica, which dominated in Korean mountain, we treated the sapling of the three oak species under the major environment factors (light, soil moisture and nutrient) with four gradient levels, for 8 months in glass house. Then we measured and analyzed the growth difference among them. The growth of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis were increased with higher light intensity, but there is no apparent trend in Q. mongolica for light gradients. Q. mongolica did not show high reduction of growth, even in the lowest light intensity. Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica had a constant growth state to soil moisture treatment, but only Q. acutissima grew well in higher soil moisture gradient condition. All the growth of three oak species decreased with higher nutrient gradient condition. The growth reduction was increased in order of Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima. with increased nutrient gradient level. These results means that Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis have adaptation ability to shade, high moisture and low nutrient condition, respectively.