• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.71-95
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• 2017

This study aims (1) to identify whether real terms of imprisonment for sexual offenders against children are different between the first trial and appeal trial in 16 cases and (2) to assess which sentencing factors such as history of sexual crime of perpetrator, forgiveness of children, regretfulness of perpetrator, power of perpetrator, and relationship of perpetrator and victim influence sentencing period of imprisonment in the first and appeal trials, respectively. This study used cases which were prosecuted for sexual crimes against children since the protection act on the children and juveniles from sexual abuse was enacted in 2000. The target cases of the study include 8 first trials and 8 appeal cases which were appealed to the Supreme Court between 2000 and 2015. Result condition is the real term of imprisonment. Cause conditions include sentencing factors such as history of sexual crime, regretfulness, and power of perpetrator, forgiveness of child, and relationship between offender and victim. We employed Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) for data analysis. We found that there are sentences in the first trial with lower terms than appeal trial regarding child sexual crimes. In addition, we found that (1) power of perpetrator and forgiveness of victim significantly influenced sentencing periods of imprisonment at levels of courts; (2) cause condition considered as comparatively more important in the first trial was regretfulness of perpetrator(but not in the appeal trial); and (3) relationship of perpetrator and child was not important in sentencing for sexual crime at both levels of trials.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.278-288
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• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 아동성폭력의 정의에 대한 한국간호사들의 인식의 특성을 알아보는 것이다. 보다 구체적으로, 양호교사와 병원간호사 간의 인식의 일치정도를 밝히고, 간호사들이 아동성폭력의 심각도를 판단함에 있어, 아동성폭력과 관련된 다양한 변수들의 상대적 중요성을 규명하는데 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 위하여 503명의 병원 간호사와 526명의 양호교사를 대상으로 한 vignette디자인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 아동성폭력 상황을 구성하는 일곱 개의 변수 (성폭력 행위 성폭력 빈도, 피해자의 연령, 피해자의 저항, 가해자의 연령, 가해자와 피해자의 교차성별, 가해자와 피해자의 관계)의 조합을 통해 64개의 vignettes를 만들었는데, 이는 1/4 factorial 디자인의 결과이다. 각 설문 대상자에 대해 64개의 vignettes가운데 16개의 vignettes를 무작위로 추출하고, 그 vignettes에 나타난 각 성폭력상황들의 심각 정도를 표시하도록 하였다. 연구결과에서 양호교사와 병원간호사는 아동성폭력의 심각도 인식에 있어 일치를 나타냈다. 각 상황변수들이 미치는 영향에 있어서는 양호교사와 병원간호사 간에 다소 차이를 보였으나, 성폭력 상황을 정의함에 있어서는 근본적인 인식에 일치를 보였다 두 집단 모두에서 성폭력행위 피해자의 저항, 가해자와 피해자의 교차성별, 성폭력 빈도, 가해자의 연령이 아동성폭력 인식에 영향하는 주요 요인으로 나타났다 한편, 가해자와 피해자의 관계는 주요 영향요인이 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 피해자의 연령은 양호교사 집단에서는 어느 정도 영향을 미치는 변수로, 병원간호사 집단에서는 별다른 영향이 없는 변수로 분석되었다. 결론적으로, 양호교사와 병원간호사는 잠재되어 있는 아동성폭력의 심각도에 대해 동일하게 판단한다. 본 연구결과는 법적, 전문가적 의미에서 아동성폭력 신고자로서의 의무를 지닌 한국간호사들의 아동성폭력에 대한 인식일치가, 그 역할 수행에 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.436-442
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• 2007

Purpose : To promote awareness and efforts by pediatricians to identity and prevent child abuse by investigation of characteristics of victim and types of injury caused by abuse. Methods : A retrospective study was performed with 20 patients who had been diagnosed or suspected as child abuse at Hallym University Hospital from January 1999 to December 2005. The medical records, radiologic documents, and social worker's notes were reviewed to investigate age, sex, visiting time, form of abuse, perpetrator, risk factor, and type of injury. Results : The mean age of the subjects was 2.8 years. Fourteen patients were between 0-1 years old, 2 patients between 1-6 years old, 3 patients between 7-12 years old, and 1 case over 13 years old. The ratio of male to female was 1:1. The majority of these patients (70%) visited via emergency department. Eight five percent of these patients reported with physical abuse, 5% psychological abuse, 5% sexual abuse, and 5% neglect respectively. The suspected perpetrator was the biological father in six cases, the biological mother in three cases, the stepmother in two cases, caregiver in one case, relatives in one case and "unknown" in six cases. Bruise and hematoma (80%) were the most common physical findings. Skull fractures were diagnosed in six cases, long bone fractures in two cases, hemoperitoneum in two cases, subdural hemorrhage in 10 cases, epidural hemorrhages in two cases, subarachnoidal hemorrhages in two cases, and retinal hemorrhages in five cases respectively. Seventeen cases required hospitalization and surgical operations performed were in nine cases. Four patients died and three patients had sequalae such as developmental delay and quadriplegia. Conclusion : Child abuse results in high mortality and morbidity in victims. Therefore early recognition and prevention is very important. Pediatricians should always suspect the possibilities of abuse in cases of fracture, intracranial hemorrhage, abdominal injury, or even any injury to the body. We recommend that the clinical investigation of suspicious children should include a full multidisciplinary social assessment, a skeletal survey and CT or MRI.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.143-155
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• 2011

Lately electronic tagging policy for the sexual offenders was introduced in order to reduce and prevent sexual offences. However, most sexual offences against children happening these days are committed by the tagged offenders whose identities have been released. So, for the crime prevention, we need measures with which we could minimize the suffers more promptly and actively. This paper suggests a new system to relieve the sexual abuse related anxiety of the children and solve the problems that electronic bracelet has. Existing bracelets are only worn by serious criminals, and it's only for risk management and positioning, there is no way to protect the children who are the potential victims of sexual abuse and there actually happened some cases. So we suggest also letting the students(children) wear the LBS(Location Based Service) and USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network) technology based electronic bracelets to monitor and figure out dangerous situations intelligently, so that we could prevent sexual offences against children beforehand, and while a crime is happening, we could judge the situation of the crime intelligently and take swift action to minimize the suffer. And by checking students' attendance and position, guardians could know where their children are in real time and could protect the children from not only sexual offences but also violent crimes against children like kidnapping. The overall system is like follows : RFID Tag for children monitors the approach of offenders. While an offender's RFID tag is approaching, it will transmit the situation and position as the first warning message to the control center and the guardians. When the offender is going far away, it turns to monitoring mode, and if the tag of the child or the offender is taken off or the child and offender stay at one position for 3~5 minutes or longer, then it will consider this as a dangerous situation, then transmit the emergency situations and position as the second warning message to the control center and the guardians, and ask for the dispatch of police to prevent the crime at the initial stage. The RFID module of criminals' electronic bracelets is RFID TAG, and the RFID module for the children is RFID receiver(reader), so wherever the offenders are, if an offender is at a place within 20m from a child, RFID module for children will transmit the situation every certain periods to the control center by the automatic response of the receiver. As for the positioning module, outdoors GPS or mobile communications module(CELL module)is used and UWB, WI-FI based module is used indoors. The sensor is set under the purpose of making it possible to measure the position coordinates even indoors, so that one could send his real time situation and position to the server of central control center. By using the RFID electronic roll book system of educational institutions and safety system installed at home, children's position and situation can be checked. When the child leaves for school, attendance can be checked through the electronic roll book, and when school is over the information is sent to the guardians. And using RFID access control turnstiles installed at the apartment or entrance of the house, the arrival of the children could be checked and the information is transmitted to the guardians. If the student is absent or didn't arrive at home, the information of the child is sent to the central control center from the electronic roll book or access control turnstiles, and look for the position of the child's electronic bracelet using GPS or mobile communications module, then send the information to the guardians and teacher so that they could report to the police immediately if necessary. Central management and control system is built under the purpose of monitoring dangerous situations and guardians' checking. It saves the warning and pattern data to figure out the areas with dangerous situation, and could help introduce crime prevention systems like CCTV with the highest priority. And by DB establishment personal data could be saved, the frequency of first and second warnings made, the terminal ID of the specific child and offender, warning made position, situation (like approaching, taken off of the electronic bracelet, same position for a certain time) and so on could be recorded, and the data is going to be used for preventing crimes. Even though we've already introduced electronic tagging to prevent recurrence of child sexual offences, but the crimes continuously occur. So I suggest this system to prevent crimes beforehand concerning the children's safety. If we make electronic bracelets easy to use and carry, and set the price reasonably so that many children can use, then lots of criminals could be prevented and we can protect the children easily. By preventing criminals before happening, it is going to be a helpful system for our safe life.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.197-207
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• 2022

Given the prevalence of violence in Ukrainian families, measures to prevent parental abusive treatment against children are urgent. It is important to study today's youth awareness about violence within families in order to enhance a culture of engagement with spouses and children in future. The aim of the study is to examine students' reflective experiences and their attitudes towards forms, frequency, causes and effects of parental abusive treatment. During the research the following methods were used step-by-step: theoretical analyses of scientific resources, anonymous questionnaire, quantitative and correlation analyses. According to result of survey 98 students who were interviewed, none of them fell victim of sexual abuse in their families. However, more than a half (51%) of the students surveyed experienced some forms of parental physical punishment. All the interviewed students encountered psychological cases of parental violence. The mostprevalent forms of parental abuse among the interviewees are criticism, negative comparison, emotional detachment, arrogance, intimidation, blackmail and humiliation. The most prevalent consequences of parental abuse among students are anxiety, low self-esteem, insecurity, impatience, suspiciousness, constraint in communication. Students agree that budget limitations, forced labor, criticism, spanking, emotional detachment, ignoring type of communication, reproach, blackmail are acceptable methods of punishment to use when raising their own children. These results clearly demonstrate the problem of the impact of parental abuse on children and its consequences in the future. A virtual dimension of the actualized problem is considered, namely: - virtualization of aggression and cruelty in the postmodern world. - the level of determining the factor of cruelty from the space of virtual culture. - the mirror image of everyday cruelty in the virtual environment; - the phenomenon of video games as a source and context of representation of the factor of cruelty in behavioral realities; - cybercrime as a virtualized result of cruelty in family and everyday realities. - futurological perspectives of virtualization of cruelty in communicative culture in general and in family relations in particular. The postmodern world is fundamentally different from the traditions and culture of the past, primarily due to the development of computer technologies and the virtualization of life in general. So, for example, virtual communities have become, in a certain way, another world, a second reality of life in general. And certain behavioral factors, in particular cruelty in the private environment, became a projection of such a phenomenon as cybercrime. Video games are a unique modern phenomenon, which multipolarly absorb all facets of human potential, communicative tendencies, behavioral and characterological factors, from the warmth of interpersonal relationships to the extreme degree of cruelty.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.122-133
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 아동 성폭력 상황 자체와 성폭력 가해자에 대한 간호사의 태도가 상황 판단에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 초점을 둔다. 503명의 병원 간호사와 526명의 보건교사를 대상으로 vignette 디자인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 아동성폭력 상황 vignettes은 7가지의 특성 (성폭력 행위, 성폭력 빈도, 피해자의 연령, 피해자의 저항, 가해자의 연령, 가해자와 피해자의 교차성별, 가해자와 피해자와의 관계)을 조합하여 구성하였다. 1/4 factorial design의 결과로서 64개의 vignettes 이 도출되었으며 이 중 16개 vignettes을 무작위로 추출하여 그 vignettes에 나타난 각 성폭력 상황들의 심각정도를 표시하도록 하였다. 성폭력 가해자에 대한 문항들은 1) 가해자가 아동 성폭력을 하는 이유 2) 전형적인 성폭력 가해자3) 아동성폭력 가해자의 처벌방법에 관한 간호사의 태도를 묻는 것이었다. 자료분석은 Logistic Regression을 실시하였다. 연구결과에서 간호사들은 아동 성폭력 상황의 심각도를 판단할 때 주로 성폭력 상황에 의해 영향을 받고 아동 성폭력 가해자에 대한 개인적 태도는 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 아동 성폭력 상황 특성 중 피해자의 저항, 성폭력 행위, 성폭력 빈도, 가해자의 연령, 가해자와 피해자의 교차성별 순으로 아동 성폭력상황의 심각도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 간호사들은 아동 성폭력 상황에 직면하여 사례를 판단할 때 아동 성폭력 문제에 대한 개인의 태도에 영향을 받기보다는 사례 그 자체에 근거를 두고 판단하는 경향을 나타낸다. 본 연구 결과는 법적, 전문가적 의미에서 아동성폭력 신고자로서의 의무와 사례중재에 개입된 의료인으로서의 역할 수행에 긍정적인 면을 시사한다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.59-80
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current problems with the recovery methods and support systems for harm caused by digital sexual assault, based on cases in the U.S., U.K., and Australia. The significance of this study is the implications on problem solving related to digital sexual assault based on the legislation and systems of advanced foreign nations. The analytical method behind this study is the investigation of research literature. The reference materials are from judicial precedents, comparative analysis on media data, experts' advisory conferences, study forums, foreign theses, and documents on law and policy. As shown by the results of this study, we need to examine digital sexual exploitation and seek countermeasures from the victim's perspective after comparing foreign cases to determine the best protections and support systems. As digital sexual content can spread indefinitely, we certainly recognize the inherent difference between digital sexual crimes and offline sexual crimes. Thus, each case needs to be professionally categorized and an appropriate punishment must be suggested that satisfies the victims' needs. Ultimately, this study is meaningful for suggesting preventive measures against digital sexual crimes.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 1995

Family is a primary unit of the major socialization processing for children. Parents among the family members are one of the most important figures from whom the child and adolescent acquire a wide variety of behavior patterns, attitudes, values and norms. An organization of family members product family structural functioning. Abnormal family structure is one of the most important reference models in the learning of antisocial patterns of behavior. Therefore incest and child sexual abuse including spouse abuse, elderly abuse, and neglect occurs in the abnormal family structural setting. In particular, incest, a specific form of sexual abuse, was once thought to be a phenomenon of great rarity, but our clinical experiences, especially over the past decade, have made us aware that incest and child sexual abuse is not rare case and on the increasing trend. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the family problem and dynamics of incest family, and character pattern of post-incest adolescent victim in Korea. A total of 1,838 adolescents from middle and high school(1,237) and juvenile correctional institute(601) were studied, sampled from Korean student population and adolescent delinquent population confined in juvenile correctional institutes, using proportional stratified random sampling method. The subjects' ages ranged from 12 to 21 years. Data were collected through questionnaire survey. Data analysis was done by IBM PC of Behavior Science Center at the Korea university, using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square, principal component analysis and t-test etc. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Of 1,071 subjects, 40(3.7%) reported incest experiences(sibling incest : 1.6% ; another type of incest : 2.1%) in their family setting. 2) The character pattern of post-incest adolescent victim was more socially maladjusted, immature, impulsive, rigid, anxious and dependent than non-incest adolescent. Also they showed some problem in academic performance and their assertiveness. 3) The other family members of incest family revealed more psychological and behavioral problem such as depression, alcoholism, psychotic disorder and criminal act than the non-incest family, even though there is no evidence of the context between them. 4) The family dynamics of incest family tended to be dysfunctional trend, as compared with non-incest family. It showed that the psychological instability of family member, parental rejection toward their children, coldness and indifference among family member and marital discordance between the parents had significant correlation with incest.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.155-165
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyse the factor of the variables that contributed to the ego-identity of middle-aged women. The subjects were 751 middle-aged women whose age was from 40 to 60 years old. The instruments used in the study were the assessments of ego-identity, self-differentiation, and internal systems. The data were analysed by using pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression. The findings were as follows; (1) In the result of the analysis about relationships with ego-identity, the ego-identity was positively correlated with self-differentiation and the self of internal systems and negatively correlated with the parts of internal systems; (2) Predictors of ego-identity of the middle-aged women ordered occupation type, the level of education, cognitive-emotional function, self integration, family projection process, self, pleasing/abandoned part, and self-harming part. Based on these results, the recommendations for the future research in this area were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.171-208
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to classify the underlying and parsimonious types of child maltreatment and examine whether the effects of risk factors on child maltreatment recurrence differ by type of maltreatment. We utilized the multiyear national administrative data from the National Child Maltreatment Information System collected by Child Protection Agency in Korea. Of 26,921 child maltreatment victims reported and substantiated on or after January 1, 2012, 1,447 children who had recurrence of child maltreatment until December 31, 2015 were selected as maltreatment recurrence group and 4,580 children who had not experienced maltreatment since first substantiation were assigned as maltreatment non-recurrence group. Latent class analysis(LCA) and latent transition analysis(LTA) were used to group children with similar maltreatment subtypes into discrete classes of child maltreatment recurrence. Logistic regression is employed to examine the association between the child maltreatment predominant types and risk factors for recurrence. Results of LCA and LTA showed four latent classes representing predominant type of child maltreatment: 'physical abuse predominant type', 'emotional abuse predominant type', 'sexual abuse predominant type', and 'neglect type'. Significant differences in the effect of risk factors among latent classes were found in child's age and gender, perpetrator's gender, family poverty, biological parent as the perpetrator, domestic violence toward partner, perpetrator's alcoholic problem, insufficient parenting skills, and out-of-home care service, Based on these findings, results suggested how the typology can be used to guide decision about who to target in prevention and intervention programs, and which features of risk factors to target. Practice and policy implications as well as further research tasks were discussed in the lights of searching for useful and important strategies to prevent recurrence of child maltreatment.