• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.61-64
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• 2016

We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular method for sexing and identification using sexual dimorphism between the Zinc Finger-X and -Y (ZFX-ZFY) gene and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome B (CYTB) gene in meat pieces and commercial sausages from animals of different origins. Sexual dimorphism based on the presence or absence of SINE-like sequence between ZFX and ZFY genes showed distinguishable band patterns between male and female DNA samples and were easily detected by PCR analyses. Male DNA had two PCR products appearing as distinct two bands (ZFX and ZFY), and female DNA had a single band (ZFX). Molecular identification was carried out using PCR-RFLP of CYTB gene, and showed clear species classification results. The results yielded identical information on the sexes and the species of the meat samples collected from providers without any records. The analyses for DNA isolated from commercial sausage showed that pig was the major source but several sausages originated from chicken and Atlantic cod. Applying this PCR-based molecular method was useful and yielded clear sex information and identified the species of various tissue samples originating from livestock.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2004

Reproductive cycle, the condition index, sex ratio of the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas were investigated by histological and morphometric data. The specimens were collected in the two oyster farms of Geoje and Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, from November 1995 to October 1996. Growth of shell length in two regions was similar, but growth of total weight of the oyster in Namhae was faster than that in Geoje oyster farm. The spawning periods in female and male clams were from July to October in Geoje and from June to October in Namhae oyster farm. Ripe oocytes were approximately 50 m in diameter. The reproductive cycle of in females and males in Geoje and Namhae oyster farms can be divided into five successive stages: early developing, late developing, ripe, partially spawned and spent/inactive. Monthly changes in gonad developmental phases showed somewhat different patterns between female and male clams except for the spawning period. On the whole, however, monthly changes in the gonad developmental phases showed a similar pattern in the same sex. The sex ratios of females to males in Geoje and Namhae oyster farms were not significantly different from a 1:1 sex ratio ($x^2$ = 0.55 (p > 0.05) in Geoje and $x^2$ = 0.27 ( p > 0.05) in Namhae). Artificial induction of maturation by heating of adult oysters (two-year-old) was investigated from 17 January to 18 March in 1996. Maturity at the fixed water temperature group of $20^{\circ}C$ was 80%, it showed the highest maturity of experimental groups cultured for five weeks. The survival (%) of Crassostrea gigas in the raised water temperature experimental groups (15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$) were over 98.5%, as similar to the control group (100%). But, the survival of C. gigas in the fixed water temperature experimental groups (15, 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$) were decreased with the increase of the water temperatures. In the fixed water temperature experimental group of $30^{\circ}C$, the survival was 51.1%. Base on these results, the fixed water temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ was the best condition for artificial induction of sexual maturation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.82-93
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• 1998

Monthly changes of the gonad follicle index (GFI), reproductive cycle, egg-diameter composition, first sexual maturity of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were studied based on the samples which have been collected from the intertidal zone of Poryong west coast of Korea, from January to December, 1996. C. gigas, is dioecious, while a few individuals are alternatively hermaphroditic. Monthly variation of gonad follicle index (GFI) used for determination of spawning period, coincided with the reproductive cycle. GFI increased from April when seawater temperatures gradually increased and reached the maximum in May. And then, GFI sharply decreased from June to September due to spawning. Reproductive cycle of this species can be divided into five successive stages: in females, early active stage (March to April), late active stage (April to May), ripe stage (May to August), partially spawned stage (June to September) and spent/inactive stage (September to February); in males, early active stage (February to March), late active stage (April to May), ripe stage (May to September), partially spawned stage (June to September) and spent/ inactive stage (September to February). The diameter of fully mature eggs are approximately 50um. Spawning occurred from June to September, and two spawning peaks were observed in June and August when the seawater temperature was above $20^{\circ}C$. Percentages of the first sexual maturity of males of 20.1-25.0 mm in shell height were over $50\%$, while those of females of 25.1-30.0 mm in shell height were over $50\%$. All the males of > 30.1 mm and all the females of ^gt; 35.1 mm completed their first sexual maturity. The results suggest that C. gigas has a protandry phenomenon. Sex ratios of 919 oysters observed were 453 females $(49.29\%)$, 429 males $(46.68\%)$, 16 hermaphrodites $(1.74\%)$, and 21 indeterminate individuals $(2.29\%)$. In age class I, sex ratio of males were $64.00\%$, thus, a higher percentage than that of females. It was noted that $64.00\%$ of the young males (age class I) were more functional than females in age class I, but 2-3 year-old oysters showed higher percentage of females. Percentages of hemaphrodites in 2-3 year classes were relatively higher than those in other year classes. Histological pattern of hermaphrodites can be divided into two types: Type I (hermaphrodite having a number of newly formed developing oocytes on the oogenic tissues within a degenerating spermatogenic follicle after discharge of numerous spermatozoa) and Type II (hermaphrodite having two separate follicles in the same gonad).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.770-776
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of recombinant eel gonadotropin hormone (rJeGTH) produced in silkworms, with and without a carboxyl-terminal peptide from equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), on the induction of sexual maturation in female eels Anguilla japonica. Experiments were conducted both in vivo and in vitro. In in vitro trials, germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) induction did not significantly differ between rJeFSH and $rJeFSH{\cdot}eCG$ treatments and the control group. However, previous studies did find that rJeLH and $rJeLH{\cdot}eCG$ treatments induced GVBD in female eels. Our in vitro exploration of $estradiol-17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) levels in immature ovarian tissues revealed significantly higher $E_2$ levels in the group treated with $rJeFSH{\cdot}eCG$ $1{\mu}g/mL$ than in the control group. In contrast, the in vivo experiments showed no effect of recombinant hormones on the sexual maturation of feminized eels. Previous studies and our own in vitro results have clearly shown that rJeGTH and $rJeGTH{\cdot}eCG$ have a positive effect on the sexual maturation of feminized eels. To develop the activity of rJeGTH in vivo, further studies should confirm circulation time and activity of these hormones in eels' bloodstream, modify the structure of the recombinant gene, and implement additional glycosylation.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 2006

Morphological differences were studied using the analysis of variance between various partial length and shell length of three populations of Saxidomus purpuratus on the Korean waters. The Relative growth equations, that is, SH-SL, SW-SL, TW-SL of S. purpuratus by sex were estimated. The analysis of variance of four morphological characters proved that each population has no sexual differences (p>0.01). But the three populations are significantly different in morphological characters (p<0.01).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2007

목 적 : 성폭력 발생빈도가 증가하고 신고율이 높아지면서 사회문제로 관심이 커졌고 최근 성폭력과 관련되어 내원하는 소아가 증가하였다. 성폭력은 신체적 외상은 물론 정신적 충격으로 소아의 성장과 발달에 좋지않은 영향을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 18세 이하 성폭력 피해자의 임상적 소견을 관찰하였다. 방 법 : 2001년 10월 1일부터 2005년 5월 5일까지 국립경찰병원 학교 여성폭력 지원센터를 방문한 성폭력 피해자 중 18세 이하 292명의 임상 소견을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과 : 1) 대상 환아의 연령은 6세 미만의 소아가 63명(21.6%), 6세 이상 12세 미만의 소아가 89명(30.5%), 12세 이상 18세 미만은 140명(47.9%)이었고 성별 분포는 여아가 288명(98.6%), 남아가 4명(1.4%)이었다. 2) 범행 시각은 12:00-18:00시(44.6%)에 가장 많이 발생하였고, 피해 장소는 피해자 집과 집근처에서 범행이 있었던 경우가 150례(51.4%), 학교, 유치원, 놀이방에서 발생한 경우가 39례(13.4%), 가해자의 집에서 발생한 경우가 34례(11.6%)였다. 3) 가해자는 평소 알고 있었던 사람인 경우가 156례(53.6%)였고 그 중 39례는 친인척이었으며 모르는 사람인 경우가 135례(46.4%)였다. 나이가 어릴수록 가해자가 평소 알고 있었던 사람인 경우가 많았다(P<0.05). 4) 병원에 내원하게 된 동기는 201례(69.8%)가 본인의 호소에 의한 경우였으나 의사 표현이 충분하지 않은 6세 미만의 소아에서는 증상과 징후로 부모에 의해 발견된 경우가 36례(12.5%)였다. 5) 신체 검진시 정상 소견을 보인 경우는 89례(30.5%)이었고 처녀막 주위에 이상 소견을 보인 경우가 149례(51.0%), 기타 외음부에 이상 소견을 보인 경우가 109례(37.3%), 항문부위에 이상 소견을 보인 경우가 12례(4.1%)였고 나이가 어릴수록 정상 소견을 보인 경우가 더 많았다(P<0.05). 6) 질에서 채취한 검체로 시행한 검사상 성병 감염 빈도는 임균감염이 1례(0.3%), 클라미디아 13례(4.5%)였다. 질 분비물내 정충이 발견된 경우는 19례(6.5%)였고 산성 인산효소 양성반응은 보인 경우는 28례(9.6%)였다. 나이가 많을수록 정자가 발견되거나, 산성 인산효소 양성, 클라미디아 배양율이 더 높았다(P<0.05). 7) 사건후 내원까지 걸린 시간은 72시간 이내인 경우가 174례(62.6%), 72시간이상 지연된 경우는 104례(37.4%)에 해당하였고 이는 피해자의 나이가 적을수록 걸린 시간이 증가하였다(P< 0.05). 결 론 : 나이가 어릴수록 성폭력 피해 사실을 발견하는 시간이 지연되고 신체검진상 정상소견을 보일 가능성이 있기 때문에 주의 깊은 관찰과 면담이 필요하고 이를 통해 만성적이고 지속적인 피해를 줄일 수 있다. 피해자와 가족에 대한 상담, 의학적 진료, 법적인 조치를 위한 전문팀이 구성되어야 하고 이에 소아과 의사의 적극적인 참여가 요구된다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.185-200
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 초 중등 여학생의 외모관심도와 외모관리행동이 성 성숙, 자기개념과 어떠한 상관관계를 갖는지 파악하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 서울지역의 초 중등 여학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 외모관심도와 외모관리행동 모두 중학생이 초등학생보다 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 초등학생이 중학생보다 전체적으로 긍정적인 자기개념을 가지고 있었고 특히 가정자기가 유의하게 높았다. 셋째, Tanner Stage가 초등학생은 2,3단계로서 사춘기 초기 상태, 중학생은 3,4단계로서 성장 발육의 진행 상태에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 월경을 하는 학생의 비율이 초등학생은 33%에 불과한 반면, 중학생은 90%로 대부분이 월경을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 성 성숙에 대한 주관적인 느낌 역시 차이를 보여, 초등학생은 자신의 성 성숙 속도가 또래보다 빠르다고 느낄 때, 중학생은 느리다고 느낄 때 부정적인 느낌을 가졌다. 넷째, 초 중등 여학생의 외모관심도에 자기개념과 성 성숙이 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 초등학생은 가정적 자기개념이 낮을수록, 사회적 자기개념이 높을수록 외모에 대한 관심이 높았다. 중학생은 사회적 자기개념이 높을수록, 가정적 자기개념이 낮을수록, 성숙에 대한 느낌이 부정적일수록, 신체적 자기개념이 높을수록 외모에 대한 관심이 높았다. 또한 초 중등 여학생의 외모관리행동에 외모관심도와 자기개념 및 성 성숙이 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 초등학생은 외모관심이 높을수록 외모관리행동에 적극적이었다. 중학생의 외모관리행동은 외모에 대한 관심이 높을수록, 가정적 자기개념이 낮을수록, 사회적 자기개념이 높을수록 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.1010-1022
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• 2017

Hybrid histidine kinase is part of a two-component system that is required for various stress responses and pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi. The Tco1 gene in human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans encodes a hybrid histidine kinase and is important for pathogenesis. In this study, we identified a Tco1 homolog, UmTco1, in the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis by bioinformatics analysis. To explore the role of UmTco1 in the survival of U. maydis under environmental stresses and its pathogenesis, ${\Delta}umtco1$ mutants were constructed by allelic exchange. The growth of ${\Delta}umtco1$ mutants was significantly impaired when they were cultured under hyperosmotic stress. The ${\Delta}umtco1$ mutants exhibited increased resistance to antifungal agent fludioxonil. In particular, the ${\Delta}umtco1$ mutants were unable to produce cytokinesis or conjugation tubes, and to develop fuzzy filaments, resulting in impaired mating between compatible strains. The expression levels of Prf1, Pra1, and Mfa1, which are involved in the pheromone pathway, were significantly decreased in the ${\Delta}umtco1$ mutants. In inoculation tests to the host plant, the ${\Delta}umtco1$ mutants showed significantly reduced ability in the production of anthocyanin pigments and tumor development on maize leaves. Overall, the combined results indicated that UmTco1 plays important roles in the survival under hyperosmotic stress, and contributes to cytokinesis, sexual development, and virulence of U. maydis by regulating the expression of the genes involved in the pheromone pathway.

• Mycobiology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2015

We have previously isolated ${\varepsilon}$-COP, the ${\alpha}$-COP interactor in COPI of Aspergillus nidulans, by yeast two-hybrid screening. To understand the function of ${\varepsilon}$-COP, the $aneA^+$ gene for ${\varepsilon}$-COP/AneA was deleted by homologous recombination using a gene-specific disruption cassette. Deletion of the ${\varepsilon}$-COP gene showed no detectable changes in vegetative growth or asexual development, but resulted in decrease in the production of the fruiting body, cleistothecium, under conditions favorable for sexual development. Unlike in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in A. nidulans, over-expression of ${\varepsilon}$-COP did not rescue the thermo-sensitive growth defect of the ${\alpha}$-COP mutant at $42^{\circ}C$. Together, these data show that ${\varepsilon}$-COP is not essential for viability, but it plays a role in fruiting body formation in A. nidulans.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제16권1_2호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2000

1999년 4월부터 2000년 3월까지 서해 금강 하구인 내 초도에 서식하고 있는 가무락조개를 대상으로 자원증식 및 적정 관리를 위해 조직학적 방법에 의해 생식소지수, 생식 소발단단계에 따른 생식주기, 군성숙도를 조사하였다. 가무락조개는 자웅이체로서 난생이다. 가무락조개의 생식주기는 초기활성기(2-4월), 후기활성기(3-6월), 완숙기(4-8월), 부분산란기(7-10월초), 퇴화 및 비활성기(9-2월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 가무락조개의 산란기는 수온과 밀접한 관계를 가지며 수온이 24$^{\circ}C$이상인 7월부터 산란하기 시작하여 9월 중순까지로 산란성기는 7, 8월이었다. 고창산 가무락조개의 군성숙도는 각장 26.0-30.0 mm 사이에서 암, 수 공히 50% 이상이 재생산에 가담하였고, 각장 41.0 mm 이상에서는 100%가 산란에 참여하고 있다. 전 개체의 50%가 재생산에 가담하기 시작하는 개체들의 연령은 만 2세로 추정된다.