• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.333-348
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• 2020

Purpose: The present study investigated the association between nurse staffing and health outcomes among psychiatric inpatients in Korea by assessing National Health Insurance claims data. Methods: The dataset included 70,136 patients aged 19 years who were inpatients in psychiatric wards for at least two days in 2016 and treated for mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol; schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders; and mood disorders across 453 hospitals. Nurse staffing levels were measured in three ways: registered nurse-to-inpatient ratio, registered nurse-to-adjusted inpatient ratio, and nursing staff-to-adjusted inpatient ratio. Patient outcomes included length of stay, readmission within 30 days, psychiatric emergency treatment, use of injected psycholeptics for chemical restraint, and hypnotics use. Relationships between nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes were analyzed considering both patient and system characteristics using multilevel modeling. Results: Multilevel analyses revealed that more inpatients per registered nurse, adjusted inpatients per registered nurse, and adjusted inpatients per nursing staff were associated with longer lengths of stay as well as a higher risk of readmission. More adjusted inpatients per registered nurse and adjusted inpatients per nursing staff were also associated with increased hypnotics use but a lower risk of psychiatric emergency treatment. Nurse staffing levels were not significantly associated with the use of injected psycholeptics for chemical restraint. Conclusion: Lower nurse staffing levels are associated with negative health outcomes of psychiatric inpatients. Policies for improving nurse staffing toward an optimal level should be enacted to facilitate better outcomes for psychiatric inpatients in Korea.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.205-227
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• 2017

Today, the global environment has so many serious problems such as global warming, ecological destruction and air pollution. Now China is the second largest carbon emissions country in the world. In this paper, we estimated the ratio of GDP per unit of carbon emissions for each of 30 provinces in China, and then also estimated the carbon emission efficiency of 30 provinces and analyzed the factors that affecting them. There are differences in carbon emission efficiency among different provinces, and carbon emission efficiency is relatively high in Hainan Province, Beijing, and Tianjin. In the regression results of the factors affecting the carbon emission efficiency, when the proportion of service industries is higher, the efficiency is higher. Also, when the higher the proportion of heavy industry and the higher the proportion of coal consumption are estimated to be worse.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.273-290
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• 2017

Internet of Things (IoT) is considered to be the next wave of Information Technology transformation after the Internet has changed the process of doing business. Since the domain of IoT ranging from the sensor technology to service to the users is wide, the structure of the research domain is not delineated clearly. To do that we suggest to use the Technology Stack Model proposed by Porter et al.(2014) to measure the maturity level of IoT in organizations. Based on the Stack Model, for the general understandings of IoT, we do keyword analyses on the academic papers whose major research issue is IoT. It is found that the current status of IoT application from the perspectives of cloud and big data analytics is not active, meaning that the real value of IoT has not been realized. We also examine the cases which deal with the part of cloud process which is crucial for value accrual. Based on these findings, we suggest the future direction of IoT research. We also propose that IT is to value chain what IoT is to the Stack Model to derive value in organizations.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2017

It is expected that the maintenance cost of domestic bridges will increase considerably due to the increase of bridge service time. In response to this situation, the government and relevant ministries are focusing on developing ways to efficiently allocate limited budgets and to rationally select maintenance bridge. In this study, to develop a risk - based bridge maintenance priority decision model, 14 common risk factors causing damage to bridges were extracted and AHP analysis was performed to select 5 important factors. Based on the existing literature review and expert consultation, we derive the evaluation criteria and the impact weights of the selected factors, and based on this, I presented risk based bridge maintenance priority model. Using this model in combination with existing maintenance priority methods will lead to more reasonable bridge maintenance priorities.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-18
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• 2015

This thesis examines the performance and improvement strategy of SWIFTNet TSU's BPO for computerization and suggests the following results: First, the URBPO should be legally complemented, and the SWIFT and banks need to keep improving the systems to meet trade parties' diverse needs. Second, the SWIFTNet TSU's BPO should have an institutionally unified sharing platform with security, stability and convenience. In other words, it is needed to develop services which meet e-payment paradigm and international and regional environments through continued analysis on market changes and flow. Third, in order for the SWIFTNet TSU BPO to evolve into a perfect global system, there should be an innovative payment solution which can meet all trade parties all over the world. For this, technology standardization for a worldwide e-trade payment system is essential. Lastly, based on the results derived from this study, an analysis framework with which more diverse and practical environmental variables can be analyzed should be developed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.585-592
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity on consequent storage based on the temperature of new cultivar dew-drop pine mushroom (Lentinula edodes GNA01). Methods: Dewdrop Pine Mushroom were prepared under different storeage temperature (4, 10, $20^{\circ}C$). Results: Weight loss and hardness showed the least reduction rate when it was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). The color value changed to dark brown at all storage temperatures during the storage period. When it was stored at $4^{\circ}C$, it maintained its initial color for a longer period than at different storage temperatures. With respect to the change in its viable cell count, the cells proliferated to less than 3.0 log CFU/g up to Ed: Please review the change. The earlier part was difficult to understand 2.83 log CFU/g until 15 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. On measuring the antioxidant activity of this mushroom, the polyphenol content was maintained without a large change until 9 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The electron-donating action maintained high antioxidant activity, accounting for 81.99% until 12 days of storage from 83.08% during the initial storage at $4^{\circ}C$. When it was stored at $4^{\circ}C$, the sensory characteristics received the highest score among all items, such as appeaance, color, flavor and general preference, etc. Concolusion: In summary, new Cultivar Dewdrop Pine Mushroom (Lentinula edodes GNA01) can maintain its commercial value until the 12th day of $4^{\circ}C$ storage.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.15-21
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the current trends in research on pharmacopuncture in Korea since 2007. Methods: A literature review was performed by using the search engines 'Science and Technology Society Village', 'Korean Studies Information Service System', 'National Discovery for Science Leaders', and 'Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System' in Korea from January 2007 to December 2013. Searched key words were 'pharmacopuncture', 'herbal acupuncture', 'aqua-acupuncture', and 'bee venom'. Finally, we selected 457 papers, including Korean experimental studies and clinical studies. Selected papers were classified according to year of publication, type of pharmacopuncture, disease & topic, research type and the publishing journal. Results: One hundred fifty pharmacopunctures were studied in 457 papers. Single compound pharmacopuncture was the most studied pharmacopuncture in experimental studies while animal-based pharmacopuncture was the most studied pharmacopuncture in clinical studies. Bee venom placed first among the various pharmacopunctures, followed by placenta, sweet bee venom, mountain-ginseng, and anti-inflammatory pharmacopunctures. Experimental research on pharmacopuncture has fallen since 2007 when 55 papers were published. However, clinical research has been increasing steadily. In clinical studies, case reports were numerous than randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Musculoskeletal diseases were the most frequently-treated diseases in studies on pharmacopuncture; among the musculoskeletal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis was the most frequently-treated disease in experimental studies and low back pain was the most frequently-treated condition in clinical studies. Since 2007, 45 different journals have published studies on pharmacopuncture, with the Journal of the Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Society having the largest number of papers on pharmacopuncture and the Journal of Pharmacopuncture the second largest number. Conclusion: The trends in research on pharmacopuncture published in studies from 2007 to 2013 were similar to those in studies published before 2006. Many studies on pharmacopuncture focused on bee venom and musculoskeletal diseases. Additional studies on diverse types of and indications for pharmacopuncture are needed.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.435-461
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• 2015

Recently, Korean development Institute includes water for environmental improvement as an additional water demand category in water resources development project. In response to this change, this paper is to measure benefits of providing additional water in Yeondok Ohsip River by applying contingent valuation method. This study extended the conventional CVM design by incorporating distance variable into WTP function of dichotonomous choice responses and treated protest bids by estimating sample-selection models. The empirical analysis exhibited that more than 30% of respondents were categorized as protest bids and the mean of WTP from sample selection models were three times higher than that of the whole sample. In addition, the distance variable had significantly negative impact on sample WTP regardless of variables forms, and the geographical market area were more 400km, which implies that beneficiaries of water service would the households from the whole nation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.12-20
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• 2015

Sujeong-Dong garden heritage is a unique, valuable villa garden constructed by Gosan Yoon Sun-Do during middle Joseon period. However, the site has been faced on damage risk because of the development of near quarry. The purpose of the study is to suggest careful maintenance plan for the valuable Korean traditional garden heritage. For the plan, the study conducts the interview of residents and experts, literature review, the investigation of historical materials, site survey, and the analysis of aerial photography. The results are following: Firstly, the paper divides the site into three types of an excavation area: core, recommend and investigation. Secondly, of remained Gosan's one and remains of unknown contents, it has the plan of vegetation maintenance, safety facilities, pathway maintenance, and service area. Thirdly, it also suggests pathway plan for authentic garden promenade according to the literature of Sanjungsingok(山中新曲), site survey, and interviews with residents and experts. The study has a special meaning for an insightful approach based on the accurate site survey, research, and the consideration of practical use.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2020

Background: Well-validated risk prediction models help to identify individuals at high risk of diseases and suggest preventive measures. A recent systematic review reported lack of validated prediction models for low back pain (LBP). We aimed to develop prediction models to estimate the 8-year risk of developing LBP and its recurrence. Methods: A population based prospective cohort study using data from 435,968 participants in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort enrolled from 2002 to 2010. We used Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During median follow-up period of 8.4 years, there were 143,396 (32.9%) first onset LBP cases. The prediction model of first onset consisted of age, sex, income grade, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, blood pressure, and medical history of diseases. The model of 5-year recurrence risk was comprised of age, sex, income grade, BMI, length of prescription, and medical history of diseases. The Harrell's C-statistic was 0.812 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.804-0.820) and 0.916 (95% CI, 0.907-0.924) in validation cohorts of LBP onset and recurrence models, respectively. Age, disc degeneration, and sex conferred the highest risk points for onset, whereas age, spondylolisthesis, and disc degeneration conferred the highest risk for recurrence. Conclusions: LBP risk prediction models and simplified risk scores have been developed and validated using data from general medical practice. This study also offers an opportunity for external validation and updating of the models by incorporating other risk predictors in other settings, especially in this era of precision medicine.