• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.120-131
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Low early pregnancy serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels can increase gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, although inconsistent findings related to that association have been reported. This study examined the association of serum vitamin D with GDM and the possible influencers on this association. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 259 pregnant women within the Seremban Cohort Study (SECOST). Blood samples at < 14 weeks of gestation were drawn to determine serum 25(OH)D levels. GDM diagnosis was made at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation using a standard procedure. Association between serum vitamin D and GDM was tested using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Nearly all women (90%) had mild (68.3%) or severe (32.2%) vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Non-GDM women with mild VDD had a significantly higher mean vitamin D intake than GDM women with mild VDD (t = 2.04, p < 0.05). Women with higher early pregnancy serum vitamin D levels had a greater risk of GDM. However, this significant association was only identified among those with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in women with a body mass index indicating overweight or obese status. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of VDD in this sample of pregnant women underscores the need for effective preventive public health strategies. Further investigation of this unexpected association between serum vitamin D level and GDM risk in predominantly VDD pregnant women and the potential effects of adiposity and family history of T2DM on that association is warranted.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.278-286
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• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate vitamin $D_3$ administration to nursery pigs by injection or in drinking water on serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ($25-OHD_3$) concentrations. Methods: At weaning, 51 pigs (27 and 24 pigs in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were allotted to vitamin $D_3$ treatments. Treatments in experiment 1 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration beyond that in the diet, ii) intramuscular (IM) injection of 40,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$ at weaning, and iii) water administration, 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 14 d post-weaning. Treatments in experiment 2 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration, and ii) water administration, 92 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$ and 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 28 d post-weaning. The lightest 2 pigs within each pen were IM injected with an additional 1,000 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$, 100,000 IU of retinyl palmitate, and 100,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$. Results: In both experiments, serum $25-OHD_3$ was changed after vitamin $D_3$ administration (p<0.05). In experiment 1, injection and water groups had greater values than CON group through d 35 and 21 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, serum values peaked at d 3 post-administration in the injection groups regardless of water treatments (p<0.05) whereas CON and water-only groups had peaks at d 14 and 28 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). Even though the injection groups had greater serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations than the non-injection groups through d 7 post-administration regardless of water treatments (p<0.05), the water-only group had greater values than the injection-only group from d 21 post-administration onward (p<0.05). Conclusion: Serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations in pigs increased either by vitamin $D_3$ injection or drinking water administration. Although a single vitamin $D_3$ injection enhanced serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations greater than water administration in the initial period post-administration, a continuous supply of vitamin $D_3$ via drinking water could maintain higher serum values than the single injection.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.758-771
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• 1996

This study attempted to define reference data for the distribution of vitamin d status and to explore the relationship between vitamin D status and related biochemical indices in Korean women. The vitamin D status of 179 Korean women aged from 20 to 75 years was analyzed by using HPLC(High Pressure Liquid Chromatography). Related biochemical indices such as iPTH, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, albumin, Ca, Mg and P were also measured. The mean serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were s25.8ng/ml and 89.8pg/ml, respectively. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<25nmol/L) was found in 29 subjects(16.5%). There was a significantly progressive decrease in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with increasing age(p<0.05). After in their, there was a dramatical reduction in 25-hydroxyvitamin D(p<0.05). It was also significant in post-menopasusal women compared with pre-menopausal women(p<0.000). Serum alkaline phosphatase levels increased significantly with age(p<0.001). Whereas serum calcium and phosphorus levels remained constant with age. Serum 250-hydroxyvitamin D was invesely related to iPTH (p<0.05) and alkaline phophatase (p<0.001).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.158-164
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D deficiency is common in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to identify whether or not sun exposure and dietary vitamin D intake have effects on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The objective was to identify the main determinants of serum vitamin D status in the study subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 47 HD patients (19 males and 28 females) was performed. We assessed serum 25(OH)D and $1,25(OH)_2D$ levels between August and September 2012 and analyzed the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HD patients. To evaluate the determinants of serum 25(OH)D levels, we surveyed dietary vitamin D intake, degree of sun exposure, and outdoor activities. To compare biological variables, serum 25(OH)D was stratified as below 15 ng/ml or above 15 ng/ml. RESULTS: Mean 25(OH)D and $1,25(OH)_2D$ levels were $13.5{\pm}5.8ng/ml$ and $20.6{\pm}11.8pg/ml$, respectively. The proportions of serum 25(OH)D deficiency (< 15 ng/ml), insufficiency (15-< 30 ng/ml), and sufficiency (${\geq}30ng/ml$) in subjects were 72.4%, 23.4%, and 4.3%, respectively. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in female patients was 78.6%, whereas that in males was 63.2% (P = 0.046). Vitamin D intake and sun exposure time were not significantly different between the two stratified serum 25(OH)D levels. Dietary intake of vitamin D did not contribute to increased serum 25(OH)D levels in HD patients. The main effective factors affecting serum 25(OH)D status were found to be the sun exposure and active outdoor exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Hypovitaminosis D is common in HD patients and is higher in females than in males. Sun exposure is the most important determinant of serum 25(OH)D status in HD patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.649-660
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• 2006

This study was performed to estimate serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) level in wintertime and to evaluate the relationship between serum 25-OHD level and associated factors in 50 premenopausal working women aged 30-49 y in Busan. The serum 25-OHD level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake was assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was $4.24{\mu}g$, which corresponded to 84.9% of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-OHD was 25.7 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD < 7nmol/L) and toxicity $(25-OHD{\geq}75\;nmol/L)$ were not found in the subjects. However, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25-OHD < 15 nmol/L) and hypovitaminosis D (25-OHD < 30 nmol/L) were 12% and 60% respectively. The serum 25-OHD level showed positive significant correlations with the duration of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that hypovitaminosis D was common in the subjects in wintertime. So nutritional education for increasing outdoor activities is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status in wintertime.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.981-990
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• 1996

To define the risk facots of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women, circulating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, known to be the indicator of vitamin D status, were measured and risk faxtors affecting it were investigated in 27 women with low 25-hydoxyvitamin d level(ie, the study group : serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<10ng/ml) by comparing to 55 age-matched control(the control group) were analyzed. The serum level of 25-hydorxyvitamin D was analyzed by HPLC(High Pressure Liquid Chor-matography) and analyzed biochemical parameter. The following information was obtained by interviews : sociodemographic charateristics, the intake of food containing vitamin D, proxy measure of sunlight exposure(time spent outdoors), and reprocuctive histpry of the subjects. The study group had significantly lower levels of serum calcium, increased levels of iPTH and alkaline phosphatase, Among the dietary determents, energy, protein, fat, calcium, phophorus, and vitamin D intakes were lower in the study group than the normal group. The time spent outdoors in a day was not significantly different between the two groups. However, during the day, a specific time of time spent out doors between 12:00 and 14:00 was significantly lower in the study group. Logistic analysis revealed that vitamin D and calcium intake were more important affecting factors than the time spent outdoors in post menopausal women.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 1999

목 적: 저자들은 백서에서 수술적으로 담도 결찰전과 결찰 4주 후에 지용성 비타민(vitamin A와 D)의 혈중 농도 변화 및 담도 결찰 후 담즙산을 투여했을 때 장관내 지용성 비타민의 흡수 변화에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 생후 4주된 Sprague-Dawley rats을 대상으로 하여 수술적으로 담도를 결찰하였다. 담도 결찰 전과 결찰 4주후의 혈중 ALT, total bilirubin, vitamin A, vitamin D의 농도를 측정하였다. 백서들은 담도 결찰 후 4주간 사육하였으며, 사육기간 중 비타민만을 투요한 군, 담즙산을 투여한 군 및 UDCA를 투여한 3군으로 나누었다. 결 과: 1) 수술전 혈중 농도(평균): ALT 74.2 IU, total bilirubin 0.26 mg/dL; vitamin D 13.01 ng/mL vitamin A $0.87\;{\mu}g/mL$, total bile acids $25.16\;{\mu}mol/L$. 2) 수술 4주후 농도(평균): ALT 100.7 IU, total bilirubin 2.58 mg/dL; vitamin D 7.89 ng/mL vitamin A $1.37\;{\mu}g/mL$, total bile acids $278.22\;{\mu}mol/L$. 3) 수술후 각 군간의 혈중 vitamin A와 vitamin D의 농도 차이는 없었다. 결 론: 담도 결찰 후 vitmain A 혈중 농도는 상승 하였으며, vitamin D 농도는 감소하였다. 경구로 담즙산을 투였을 때 혈중 지용성 vitamin 농도는 투여하지 않은 경우와 차이가 없었다.

• Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.228-237
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• 2016

Objective: There has been no prospective study that examined intramuscular injection of high-dose vitamin D in Korean adults. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of high-dose vitamin $D_3$ after intramuscular injection in Korean adults with vitamin D deficiency. Method: This study was a 24-week, prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 84 subjects ${\geq}19$ and <65 years of age were randomly allocated to either the vitamin $D_3$ or placebo group in a 2:1 ratio. After randomization, a single injection of plain vitamin $D_3$ 200,000 IU or placebo was intramuscularly administered. If serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations were <30 ng/mLon week 12 or thereafter, a repeat injection was administered. Results: After a single intramuscular injection of vitamin $D_3$ to adults with vitamin D deficiency, the proportion of subjects with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ${\geq}30ng/mL$ within 12 weeks was 46.4% in the vitamin $D_3$ group and 3.6% in the placebo group (p<0.0001). The proportion of subjects with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ${\geq}30ng/mL$ within 24 weeks was 73.2% in the vitamin $D_3$ group and 3.6% in the placebo group (p<0.0001). Mean change in serum 25(OH)D concentrations at weeks 12 and 24 after vitamin $D_3$ injection was $12.8{\pm}8.1$ and $21.5{\pm}8.1ng/mL$, respectively, in the vitamin $D_3$ group, with no significant changes in the placebo group. Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations showed a significant decrease in the vitamin $D_3$ group but no change in the placebo group. Conclusion: Intramuscular injection of vitamin $D_3$ 200,000 IU was superior to placebo in terms of its impact on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and is considered to be safe and effective in Korean adults with vitamin D deficiency.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.205-210
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to recognize the state of vitamin D among healthy infants aged 1 to 6 months in South Korea, and also to identify the risk factors affecting the level of vitamin D. Methods: A total of 117 infants were enrolled in this study for 12 months, from March 1, 2011 to February 29, 2012. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were measured and data including birth weight, body weight, sex, feeding pattern, delivery mode, siblings and maternal age and occupation were collected. Data was mainly analyzed with independent t-test model. Results: We determined that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (serum 25[OH]D<20 ng/mL [50 mmol/L]) was 48.7% in the population investigated. Particularly in breastfed infants, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was strikingly high (90.4%). The mean serum level of 25(OH)D in breastfed infants was lower than that of formula fed infants (9.35 ng/mL vs. 28.79 ng/mL). Also female infants showed lower mean serum level of 25(OH)D than male. Mean serum values of calcium and phosphorus had positive correlation with vitamin D state (P<0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was found to be very common in infants aged 1 to 6 months in South Korea, and breast feeding was the most critical risk factor of vitamin D deficiency. Therefore we suggest to start vitamin D supplementation in South Korea, as soon as possible, to all infants, including breastfed and female infants.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative impact of seasonal differences and age on dietary vitamin D intakes, outdoor activity time and serum vitamin D status among Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 164 free-living postmenopausal women (mean age=55.4 years) in Daegu, Korea. Dietary intake, daily physical activity patterns and fasting blood samples were collected during summer and winter. We compared the results from 75 women during summer and 89 women during winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24-hour recall method. Daily outdoor activity time was derived from physical activity diary. Results: The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants was $3.7{\mu}g$ during summer, $3.3{\mu}g$ during winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. The average time spent on outdoor activities was not significantly different between summer ($=35.1{\pm}75.0min/d$) and winter ($=48.5{\pm}76.8min/d$). The average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentrations of participants was $17.5{\pm}7.5ng/mL$ in the summer and $13.4{\pm}4.3ng/mL$ in the winter, showing no significant differences by season. Dietary intake of vitamin D was not related to age. When total subjects were divided into two groups by age, the average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentration was significantly higher in older group (p=0.047) and time spent on outdoor activities was also (p=0.018) significantly higher in the older group. Conclusions: In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean postmenopausal women, nutrition education programs should focus more on adequate intake of vitamin D, while maintaining enough outdoor activities over the season.