• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2015

본 연구는 대두 부산물인 순물과 침지수가 고지방 식이에 의해 비만이 유도된 마우스의 지방 제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 침지수가 포함된 일반 사료를 섭이한 실험군의 체중 및 간과 부고환 지방 조직 내 지방 축적은 현저히 적은 것으로 나타났으며, 복부 내 내장 지방과 피하지방도 크게 발달하지 않은 것으로 나타나 침지수는 체내 축적된 지방량을 효과적으로 감소시키는 것으로 조사되었다. 침지수 식이군의 혈중 AST와 ALT의 활성은 대조군 수준으로 유지되었으며, 콜레스테롤 함량과 중성 지질 농도가 감소되는 것으로 나타나 침지수가 고지방 식이로 인한 혈중 효소 활성과 지질농도를 개선하는 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 침지수는 metabolic sensor 단백질인 AMPK와 ACC의 인산화를 촉진시켜 체내 지방산 산화에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 침지수는 복부 내 피하지방과 내장지방의 축적을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 대두 부산물 중 침지수는 비만이 유도된 마우스의 혈중 지질 함량을 개선할 뿐만 아니라 체내 조직의 지방 축적을 완화시키거나 제거하는 데 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.239-252
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• 2021

Objectives : This study is to effect of improving muscle atrophy through water extract on the solid-phase fermentation extraction with Phellinus linteus of discarded Schisandra chinensis in an atorvastatin-induced atrophy C2C12 cell. Methods : C2C12 myoblast were differentiated into myotube by 2% horse serum medium for 6 days, and then treated solid-phase fermentation(S-P) extract at different concentrations for 24h. To investigate the effect of S-P extract on the induction of muscle atrophy and expression of atrophy-related genes and apoptosis in differentiated C2C12 myotubes using a GSH, ROS, real-time PCR, western blots analysis. Results : As a result of treatment with atorvastatin at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 uM on the 6th day of differentiation in C2C12 myotube cells, it was confirmed that the cell morphology was damaged in a concentration-dependent manner, and the length and thickness of the myotube also decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with S-P extract (50, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖) increased of GSH and inhibited ROS in the atorvastatin-induced muscle atrophy cell model at a concentration that did not induce toxicity. In addition, it was confirmed that it has an effect on muscle reduction by inhibiting apoptosis of muscle cells as well as being involved in protein production and degradation of muscle cells. Conclusions : Atorvastatin-induced atrophy C2C12 cell, S-P extract activates related to differentiation/generation and proteolysis, and inhibits cell death of atrophy in C2C12 cell. Based on this, it is necessary to prove its effectiveness through animal models and human application test, but it is considered to be discarded Schisandra chinensis can present the potential for development as a recycling industrial material.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1314-1327
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• 2021

Bacillus is characterized by the formation of spores in harsh environments, which makes it suitable for use as a probiotic for feed because of thermostability and high survival rate, even under long-term storage. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus-based probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 40 weaned pigs (7.01 ± 0.86 kg body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly assigned to two treatments (4 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW and sex). The dietary treatment was either a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) or CON supplemented with 0.01% probiotics containing a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (PRO). Fecal samples were collected daily by rectal palpation for the last 3 days after a 4-day adaptation. Blood, ileal digesta, and intestinal tissue samples were collected from one pig in each pen at the respective time points. The PRO group did not affect the feed efficiency, but the average daily gain was significantly improved (p < 0.05). The PRO group showed a trend of improved crude protein digestibility (p < 0.10). The serum transforming growth factor-β1 level tended to be higher (p < 0.10) in the PRO group on days 7 and 14. There was no difference in phylum level of the intestinal microbiota, but there were differences in genus composition and proportions. However, β-diversity analysis showed no statistical differences between the CON and the PRO groups. Taken together, Bacillus-based probiotics had beneficial effects on the growth performance, immune system, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs, suggesting that Bacillus can be utilized as a functional probiotic for weaned pigs.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2018

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a cell surface membrane protein, which is overexpressed in most prostate cancer. Recently, PET imaging with $[^{68}Ga]$PSMA-HBED-CC has been widely used for the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer and the studies on the diagnostic potential of $^{64}Cu$-labeled PSMA ligands reported actively. In this study, we monitored with biological evaluation in vivo and PET imaging of $^{64}Cu$-labeled PSMA ligand ($[^{64}Cu]$PSMA-617). The radiolabelling efficiency and stability of $[^{64}Cu]$PSMA-617 were confirmed by radio-thin layer chromatography. The radiolabeling efficiency of $[^{64}Cu]$PSMA-617 showed over 95%, and stabilities of intact remained over 98% in both human and mouse serum for 48 h. In normal male mice, in vivo uptake of $[^{64}Cu]$PSMA-617 in several organs was measured at 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 h after injection. Rapid blood clearance was observed for $[^{64}Cu]$PSMA-617. The high uptake was observed in the lung, liver, intestines and kidneys at 2 h postinjection, but was low in the other organs (1-2 %ID/g) at 4 h. The dynamic PET/CT images of 22RV1 tumor-bearing nude mice were acquired during 60 min and additionally acquired 24 h and 48 h after injection. In dynamic PET images, $[^{64}Cu]$PSMA-617 uptake ratio in tumors versus muscle was increased as time elaplsed until 60 minutes and remained in tumors at 48 h. In these results, the PET/CT imaging using $[^{64}Cu]$PSMA-617 in prostate cancer is expected to be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer patients.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2019

Alismatis rhizoma (AR), the dried rhizome of Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep, is a well-known, traditional medicine that is used for the various biological activities including as a diuretic, to lower cholesterol and as an anti-inflammatory agent. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of the Alismatis rhizoma aqueous extract (ARAE) following 90-day repeated oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. ARAE was administered orally to male and female rats for 90 days at 0 (control), 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day (n = 10 for male and female rats for each dose). Additional recovery groups from the control group and high dose group were observed for a 28-day recovery period. Chromatograms of ARAE detected main compounds with four peaks. Treatment-related effects including an increase in the red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, total protein, and urine volume were observed in males of the 2,000 mg/kg/day group (p < 0.05). However, the diuretic effect of ARAE was considered, a major cause of hematological and serum biochemical changes. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the ARAE was > 2,000 mg/kg/day in both genders, and no target organs were identified.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.196-208
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• 2019

Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the chronic inflammatory liver diseases and a leading cause of advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The main purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of GBCK25 fermented by Saccharomyces servazzii GB-07 and pectinase, on NASH severity in mice. Methods: Six-wk-old male mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or a Western diet (WD) for 12 wks to induce NASH. Each group was orally administered with vehicle or GBCK25 once daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg during that time. The effects of GBCK25 on cellular damage and inflammation were determined by in vitro experiments. Results: Histopathologic analysis and hepatic/serum biochemical levels revealed that WD-fed mice showed severe steatosis and liver injury compared to ND-fed mice. Such lesions were significantly decreased in the livers of WD-fed mice with GBCK25 administration. Consistently, mRNA expression levels of NASH-related inflammatory-, fibrogenic-, and lipid metabolism-related genes were decreased in the livers of WD-fed mice administered with GBCK25 compared to WD-fed mice. Western blot analysis revealed decreased protein levels of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) with concomitantly reduced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the livers of WD-fed mice administered with GBCK25. Also, decreased cellular damage and inflammation were observed in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells and RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Conclusion: Administration of GBCK25 ameliorates NASH severity through the modulation of CYP2E1 and its associated JNK-mediated cellular damage. GBCK25 could be a potentially effective prophylactic strategy to prevent metabolic diseases including NASH.

• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• 제93권6호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2018

목적: 혈액투석 환자에서 체수분 상태는 중요한데 혈액투석 이후의 과수분 상태는 고혈압, 부종, 심혈관계 합병증을 유발할 수 있다. 혈액투석 환자의 근육량 평가 및 체수분 상태를 측정할 수 있는 BIA 검사를 이용하여 혈액투석 환자에서 이환율, 생존율과 관련된 인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 후향적 연구로 2010년 1월부터 2015년 5월 30일까지 BIA를 측정한 말기 신부전으로 진단받고 투석을 3개월 이상 시행한 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, 2017년 6월 30일까지 추적 관찰하였다. 혈액투석 환자에서 시행하는 기본 혈액 검사와 BIA data (ECW, ICW, TBW, SLM, FFM, SMM 등)를 참조하여 환자의 이환율, 생존율 등을 분석하였다. 결과: 사망군과 생존군에서 SLM, SMM, FFM의 차이는 없었다. 생존군에서 사망군보다 나이, C-반응단백 수치가 낮았고, 혈청 알부민, 부갑상샘호르몬, 인이 높았으며, 총 체액량(TBW) 중 세포외액량(ECW)의 비율은 사망군에서 좀 더 높은 결과를 보였다($0.39{\pm}0.01$ vs. $0.40{\pm}0.01$; p < 0.05). 과수분군을 ECW/TBW ratio > 0.4로 정의하였을 때 Kaplan-Meier 생존분석에서 과수분군에서 통계적으로 유의하게 사망률이 높았다. 결론: 혈액투석 환자에서 BIA로 측정한 근육량 감소과 과수분 상태는 환자의 사망률과 이환율과 관련된 중요한 인자로 생각되며, 근육량 감소보다는 과수분 상태가 사망률과 좀 더 밀접한 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1379-1385
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• 2018

당사슬은 당단백질과 단백당에 결합하며, 일반적으로 세포의 최외각 표면에서 발견된다. O-연결 당사슬과 N-연결 당사슬은 진핵세포에 흔히 존재하는 당사슬이며 원핵세포에서도 발견된다. 세포 표면에 존재하는 당사슬과 주변에 동일한 종류의 세포막에 노출된 당사슬 결합 단백질과의 상호작용, 전혀 다른 종류의 세포와의 상호작용, 또는 질병 유발 균주와 바이러스와의 상호작용은 생물학 및 의생명과학에 있어서 질병원인물질 인식, 세포 이동, 세포간의 결합, 발생, 그리고 감염 등과 같은 과정에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 각종 질병 상황에서의 당사슬의 프로파일의 변화와 역할은 당사슬이 질병 진단 마커로 활용할 가능성을 제시한다. 이에 더하여, 기존의 많은 선행 연구들에서, 재조합 단백질 의약품에 결합된 당사슬은 재조합 단백질 의약품의 용해도, 약동역학, 약물 활성, 생체활성, 안전성을 적절하게 유지하고 결정짓는데 중요한 요소가 된다. 게다가, 암의 발생과 진전의 영향으로 인해 당사슬 가지 끝에 결합하는 시알릭산의 당질화 양상의 변화는 세포와 세포간 상호작용, 인식 그리고 면역 반응에 매우 중요한 요소로 작용한다. 본 총설에서는 당사슬의 생물학적인 기능에 대한 전반적인 이해를 돕고, 당질화 현상과 질병 진단 및 질병 치료 기법간의 상호 연관성을 간략히 설명하고자 한다. 추가적으로 혈액 내 혈청에 존재하는 당사슬의 프로파일의 변화를 분석하는 대량효능검색 방법과 이로 인해 유도되는 생화학적 작용 기작을 살펴보았다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2019

Metabolic profile test is used to evaluate nutritional imbalance and metabolic disease in dairy cows. The reference intervals of metabolic parameters may change according to nation, region, decades, and maintenance system. Despite the need to be periodically updated for the reference intervals of metabolic parameters, it has rarely been investigated in Korea. Therefore, this aim of study was to provide the reference intervals of metabolic parameters using dairy cows surveyed in Korea during recent years. A metabolic profile test was conducted for 2,976 clinically healthy dairy cows in Korea. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of serum metabolites. This study provided reference intervals of thirteen metabolic parameters (${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate [${\beta}-HB$], non-esterified fatty acids [NEFA], glucose, total cholesterol [T-COL], total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium). BUN and AST values of the current study were higher than those of previous studies. In the present study, the other metabolic parameters showed low or similar value compared to previous results. Moreover, ${\beta}-HB$, NEFA, T-COL, ALB, BUN, AST, and GGT values were affected by lactation period. This study provided information on the reference intervals of metabolites in healthy dairy cows in Korea. The reference intervals from the present study would be useful in managing and diagnosing disease of dairy cows. However, careful attention should be given in interpreting disease condition for metabolites affected by lactation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.264-272
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• 2021

Background: Gintonin is a ginseng-derived exogenous G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, which exhibits in vitro and in vivo functions against Alzheimer disease (AD) through lysophosphatidic acid 1/3 receptors. A recent study demonstrated that systemic treatment with gintonin enhances paracellular permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through the LPA1/3 receptor. However, little is known about whether gintonin can enhance brain delivery of donepezil (DPZ) (Aricept), which is a representative cognition-improving drug used in AD clinics. In the present study, we examined whether systemic administration of gintonin can stimulate brain delivery of DPZ. Methods: We administered gintonin and DPZ alone or coadministered gintonin with DPZ intravenously or orally to rats. Then we collected the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum and determined the DPZ concentration through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Results: Intravenous, but not oral, coadministration of gintonin with DPZ increased the CSF concentration of DPZ in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ was blocked by Ki16425, a LPA1/3 receptor antagonist. Coadministration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) + gintonin with DPZ similarly increased CSF DPZ concentration. However, gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ was blocked by axitinip, a VEGF receptor antagonist. Mannitol, a BBB disrupting agent that increases the BBB permeability, enhanced gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ. Conclusions: We found that intravenous, but not oral, coadministration of gintonin facilitates brain delivery of DPZ from plasma via LPA1/3 and VEGF receptors. Gintonin is a potential candidate as a ginseng-derived novel agent for the brain delivery of DPZ for treatment of patients with AD.