• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1263-1271
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• 2000

A total of 80 piglets ($5.85{\pm}0.62kg$ BW; 21 d of age) were used to study the effect of carnitine addition to extruded full-fat soybean (EFS) diets on the growth of weaned pigs. Pigs were allotted into five treatments based on body weight, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment has 4 replicates of 4 heads each. Treatments were 1) SBM (positive control), 2) EFS without carnitine (negative control), 3) EFS with 50 ppm carnitine, 4) EFS with 100 ppm carnitine and 5) EFS with 150 ppm carnitine. During d 0 to 14, piglets were fed diets containing 3,400 kcal ME, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P and for the period of d 15 to 28, piglets were fed diets supplying 3,300 kcal ME, 20% crude protein, 1.55% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. The urease activity of EFS (0.18) were three times higher than SBM (0.07). During d 0-14, pigs fed SBM had greater ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed extruded full-fat soybean diets (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was not different among treatments. No linear or quadratic effect of carnitine addition was found in growth performance. During d 15-28, piglets fed SBM diet also showed better ADG and FCR with no significant differences among treatments. Feed intake tended to increase as carnitine addition level was increased (p=0.10). For overall period (d o to 28), the best performance was observed in pigs fed SBM diet. CP digestibility was higher in pigs fed SBM diet than piglets fed EFS diet at d 14, and DM and CP digestibility tended to be higher in pigs fed SBM diet at d 28. Blood metabolites (BUN, glucose and cholesterol)were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, based on the results of this study piglets at 21 d of age appeared to be not ready for extruded full-fat soybean (FFSB) in their diets. Piglets fed extruded FFSB showed decreased growth rate compared to piglets fed SBM diet. Nutrient utilization was also poor in piglets fed extruded FFSB diets. L-carnitine addition at the level of 50 to 150 ppm was not effective in improving the growth performance of pigs fed EFS diets.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.425-434
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• 1997

Many reports represent that angiotensin II (ANG II) caused a dose dependent biphasic effects on fluid transport in the proximal tubule. However, respective roles of different signaling pathways in mediating these effects remain unsettled. The aim of the present study was to examine signaling pathways at high doses of ANG II on the $Na^+$ uptake of primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells(PTCs) in hormonally defined serum-free medium. High concentrations of ANG II $(>10^{-9}\;M)$ inhibited $Na^+$ uptake and increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i\;level$ in the PTCs. However, low concentrations of $(<10^{-11}\;ANG\;II)$ stimulated $Na^+$ uptake and did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i\;level$. 8-(N, N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,3,5- trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), ethylene glycol-bis$({/beta}-amino\;ethyl ether)-N,N,N'$, N'-tetra acetic acid (EGTA), and nifedifine partially blocked the inhibitory effects of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake. When ANG II and bradykinin (BK) were treated together, $Na^+$ uptake was further reduced $(88.47{\pm}1.98%\;of\;that\;of\;ANG\;II,\;81.85{\pm}1.84%\;of\;that\;of\;BK)$. In addition, W-7 and KN-62 blocked the ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake. Arachidonic acid reduced $Na^+$ uptake in a dose-dependent manner. When ANG II and arachidonic acid were treated together, inhibitory effects on $Na^+$ uptake significantly exhibited greater reduction than that of each group, respectively. When PTCs were treated by mepacrine $(10^{-6}\;M)$ and AACOCF3 $(10^{-5}\;M)$ for 1 hr before the addition of $(<10^{-9}\;ANG\;II)$, the inhibitory effect of ANG II was reversed. In addition, econazole $(>10^{-6}\;M)$ blocked ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake. In conclusion, the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ (calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase) and phospholipase $A_2\;(PLA_2)$ metabolites are involved in the inhibitory effects of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake in the PTCs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.657-664
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• 2019

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate whether cold ambient temperature and dietary rumen-protected fat (RPF) supplementation affect growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters in Korean cattle steers. Methods: Twenty Korean cattle steers (body weight [BW], $550.6{\pm}9.14kg$; age, $19.7{\pm}0.13months$) were divided into a conventional control diet group (n = 10) and a 0.5% RPF supplementation group (n = 10). Steers were fed a concentrate diet (1.6% BW) and a rice straw diet (1 kg/d) for 16 weeks (January 9 to February 5 [P1], February 6 to March 5 [P2], March 6 to April 3 [P3], and April 4 to May 2 [P4]). Results: The mean and minimum indoor ambient temperatures in P1 ($-3.44^{\circ}C$, $-9.40^{\circ}C$) were lower (p<0.001) than those in P3 ($5.87^{\circ}C$, $-1.86^{\circ}C$) and P4 ($11.18^{\circ}C$, $4.28^{\circ}C$). The minimum temperature in P1 fell within the moderate cold-stress (CS) category, as previously reported for dairy cattle, and the minimum temperatures of P2 and P3 were within the mild CS category. Neither month nor RPF supplementation affected the average daily gain or gain-to-feed ratio (p>0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in cold winter than spring. Plasma cortisol concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the coldest month than in the other months. Serum glucose concentrations were generally higher in colder months than in the other months but were unaffected by RPF supplementation. RPF supplementation increased both total cholesterol (p = 0.004) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Korean cattle may not be significantly affected by moderate CS, considering that the growth performance of cattle remained unchanged, although variations in blood parameters were observed among the studied months. RPF supplementation altered cholesterol and HDL concentrations but did not affect growth performance.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.503-510
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• 2022

Objective: This study was performed to determine the effects of stress after road transportation and oral administration of chromium and meloxicam on growth performance, plasma cortisol, serum metabolites, and behavior in dairy calves. Methods: A total of 50 Holstein heifers (average body weight [BW]: 172±4.19 kg; average age: 5.53±0.12 months) were randomly assigned to five groups including NL (not transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TL (transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TC (transported + chromium; 0.5 mg/kg dry matter [DM] feed), TM (transported + meloxicam; 1 mg/kg BW), and TMC (transported + combination of meloxicam and chromium; 1 mg/kg BW and 0.5 mg/kg DM, respectively). Doses of D-lactose monohydrate, meloxicam, and chromium were prepared for oral administration by suspension in 15 mL of water in a 20-mL dosing syringe. Blood was collected before transportation, immediately after 120 km of transportation (IAT), and at 6, 24, and 48 h after transportation. Results: Neither transportation nor administration of meloxicam and/or chromium affected (p = 0.99) average daily gain and feed intake. Plasma cortisol concentrations in the NL group (average 0.13 and 0.18 nmol/L, respectively) were lower (p<0.001) compared to the TL group (average 0.39 and 0.61 nmol/L, respectively) at IAT and 48 h after transportation. At 48 h after transportation, cortisol concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the TC group (average 0.22 nmol/L) than in the TL group (average 0.61 nmol/L), and TC calves had similar cortisol concentrations to NL calves. Lying duration (min/d) was shorter (p<0.05) in the TL group than in the NL group at 2 d after transportation. Lying duration was longer (p<0.05) for the TC and TMC groups than for the TL group at 2 d after transportation. Conclusion: Transportation increased cortisol concentrations and affected lying behavior, while chromium administration reduced cortisol concentrations and changed lying behavior. Thus, chromium administration before transportation may be a viable strategy to alleviate stress elicited by road transportation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.84-96
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• 2022

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of calcium-enriched fatty acid supplementation on the growth performance, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. A total of 210 one-day-old broiler chicks (40.12 ± 0.25 g) were randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments, to obtain six replicates per treatment. Broilers were subjected to chronic heat stress from day 21 to day 35, post-hatching, at 34℃ for 9 h per day. The body weight (BW) and feed intake of the experimental broilers were recorded weekly, and the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated accordingly. Rectal temperature was measured to compare the basal body temperatures between individuals, and blood samples were collected on days 21 and 35 to evaluate basal body temperature, serum total cholesterol, and the triglyceride content of the broilers. On days 21 and 35, one broiler from each cage (n=6) was euthanized to measure carcass trait parameters, nutrient digestibility in digesta, and intestinal morphology. On days 14, 28, and 35, the broilers fed 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acids had higher BW (p < 0.05) than those fed the other diets. However, no differences (p > 0.05) were found in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) between dietary treatments over the 35 experimental days. On the other hand, on day 21, post-hatching, the broilers fed the 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acid diet had improved (p < 0.05) dietary feed efficiencies compared to the other treatments. On day 28, the broilers fed the 5.0% of calcium-enriched fatty acid diet also had higher (p < 0.05) dietary feed efficiencies than those fed with the other dietary treatments. No effects (p > 0.05) on carcass weight, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, or blood parameters were found between broilers fed with dietary treatments. This study demonstrated that the inclusion of an additive, containing 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acid, to broiler diet could ameliorate the negative growth performance of broilers; and no interaction (p > 0.05) was observed between the calcium-enriched fatty acid and nutrient digestibility, digestive anatomy, blood metabolism, and carcass traits of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress conditions for 35 days post-hatching.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2010

본 연구는 제한급여하는 포유모돈사료에 Aspergillus niger 유래 복합효소를 수준별로 첨가하였을 때, 무제한급여 무첨가구와 비교하여 포유모돈의 생산성, 유생산 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 처리군은 무제한급여 대조군, 제한급여군내 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.08% 복합효소첨가구의 5처리구이었고, 처리구당 10두씩 총 50두의 모돈(Berkshire)을 공시하였다. 포유기간 동안 모돈당 포유자돈수는 9두로 표준화하였다. 모돈의 혈액성상을 조사하기 위하여 포유 27일차 오전사료급여 전에 전 모돈의 혈액을 채취하였다. 복합효소 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 복당이유체중, 자돈이유체 중 및 복당증체중은 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 무제한급여 대조군과 제한급여내 첨가군 간에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 복합효소 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 이유시 체평점 및 등지방두께가 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 포유 중 등지방두께가 전반적으로 복합효소 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 적게 감소하는 경향이었다(P>0.05). 혈중 무기인의 농도는 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 혈중 유리지방산농도는 복합효소의 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 유생산량은 처리군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었고, 유지방생산량은 복합효소첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 분배설량은 무제한급여군이 제한급여군보다 유의하게 높았지만(P<0.01), 제한 급여군내 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 분중 인배설량은 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라 분내인배설량이 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 복당자돈증체대비 모돈 사료비는 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라 무제한급여 대조군에 비하여 1.25% 내지 9.67% 절감되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 제한급여하는 포유모돈사료에 복합효소의 첨가는 포유기동안 복당 자돈생산성을 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라 무제한 급여수준에 준하는 생산성적을 나타내어 사료비 절감효과가 나타났다. 또한 복합효소의 수준별 첨가에 따른 분중 인배설량 감소는 환경오염감소에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.827-836
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• 2014

서구화된 식습관의 변화와 편리한 생활에 따른 운동 부족, 유전적 요인, 심리적 요인 등이 복잡하게 얽히면서 비만이 꾸준히 증가하는 추세이다. 한편, 감귤류에는 carotenoid, coumarin, phenylpropanoid, limonoid 등 60여종의 생리활성 물질이 함유되어 있으며 감귤박에는 bioflavonoid, carotenoid, hesperidin, terpenes 등이 풍부하게 함유되어 있다. 감귤박은 항산화 효과, 고혈압 예방, 혈중 LDL 콜레스테롤 함량 감소 효과 등이 있음이 보고되어 있고 최근 들어 감귤박의 비만을 억제하는 효능이 밝혀져 항비만 효과가 입증되었다. 본 연구에서는 고지방식으로 유도한 비만모델 ICR 생쥐에서 Aspergillus oryzae로 발효한 감귤박의 증강된 항비만 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 항비만 효과를 확인하기 위해 생쥐의 체중변화와 조직의 무게변화를 관찰하였고, 그룹별 혈청 지질 농도, 간 지질농도 및 동맥경화지수를 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 고지방식이 투여군(HFD)에 비해 감귤박 추출물 투여군(CP)과 감귤박 발효 추출물 투여군(CPA)은 체중 증가량과 증체율이 감소하였고, 혈청과 간의 total cholesterol (TG), triglyceride (TC) 함량이 현저히 감소하였다. 한편, 유익한 cholesterol로 알려진 high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 함량은 일반식이 투여군(NFD)과 CPA 투여군이 비슷하였다. CP 투여군과 CPA 투여군의 조직 무게에서도 HFD 투여군보다 감소하여, 전체적으로 CPA 투여군에서 특히 유의적으로 감소하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.448-468
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• 1996

To maintain its functional integrity, bone is continuously remodelled by a process involving resorption by osteoeclasts and formation by osteoblasts, In order to respond to changes in the physical environment or to trauma with the relevant action, this process is strictly regulated by locally synthesized or systemic fators, Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2$) is perhaps one of the best studied factors, having been known to affect bone cell function for several decades.$PGE_2$ has both anabolic and catabolic activities. Excess of $PGE_2$ has been implicated in a number of pathological states associated with bone loss in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions such as periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. $PGE_2$ and other arachidonic acid metabolites have been shown to be potent stimulators of osteoclastic bone resorption in organ culture. The anabolic effects of $PGE_2$ were first noticed when an increase in periosteal woven bone formation was seen after the infusion of $PGE_2$ into infants in order to prevent closure of the ductus arteriosus. The cellular basis for the catabolic actions of $PGE_2$ has been well characterized. $PGE_2$increases osteoclast recruitment in bone marrow cell cultures. Also $PGE_2$ has a direct action on osteoclast serving to inhibit activity and can also indirectly activate osteoclast via other cells in the vicinity, presumably osteoblast. The cellular mechanisms for the anabolic actions of $PGE_2$ are not nearly so well understood. The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of $PGE_2$ and dibutyl(DB)cAMP on osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells and on the generation of osteoclasts from their precursor cells. The effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on the induction of alkaline phoaphatase(AlP) was investigated in osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells cultured in medium containing 0.4% fetal bovine serum. $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP stimulated ALP activity and MTT assay in the cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of lO-SOOng/ml. Cycloheximide, protein synthesis inhibitor, inhibited the stimulative effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on ALP activity in the cells. $PGE_2$also increased the intracellular cAMP content in a dose-dependent fashion with a maximal effect at 500ng/ml. The effect of $PGE_2$ on the generation of osteoclasts was investigated in a coculture system of mouse bone marrow cells with primary osteoblastic cells cultured in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum.After cultures, staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)-marker enzyme of osteoclast was performed. The TRAP(+) multinucleated cells(MNCs), which have 3 or more nuclei, were counted. More TRAP(+) MNCs were formed in coculture system than in control group. $PGE_2(10^{-5}10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in culture. $PGE_2(10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in coculture of osteoblastic clone MC3T3E1 cells This results suggest that $PGE_2$ stimulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and generation of osteoclast, and are involved in bone formation, as well as in bone resorption.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2015

본 연구는 육계사료 내 quercetin의 첨가가 육계의 생산성, 혈액 생화학적 성상, 면역 및 혈액 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시계는 1일령 육계 수평아리(Ross ${\times}$ Ross 308) 320수를 선별하여 육계초기(0~3주령)와 육계후기(3~5주령)의 35일 동안 시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 8처리구(C(-), 대조군; C(+), 항생제 처리군; T1, 비타민 E 20 ppm 처리군; T2, 비타민 E 200 ppm 처리군; T3, quercetin 20 ppm; T4, quercetin 200 ppm; T5, methoxylated quercetin 20 ppm; T6, methoxylated quercetin 200 ppm)를 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 10수씩으로 나누어 완전임의 배치하였다. 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율은 quercetin 첨가에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 증체량은 quercetin 200 ppm 처리구가 높았으나, 유의적인 차이는 볼 수 없었다. 혈액 생화학 조성은 creatinine과 BUN이 무항생제 첨가구에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 immunglobulin인 IgA, IgG 및 IgM 농도는 quercetin이나 methoxylated quercetin 첨가구가 무항생제 첨가구에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 항산화 인자를 조사한 결과, quercetin 및 methoxylated quercetin 첨가구에 따라 SOD 활성이 높았으며, 특히, quercetin 200 ppm 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). MDA는 무항생제 첨가구에 개선되는 경향을 보였으나, 처리구 사이에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 이런 결과들은 사료 내 quercetin의 첨가가 육계 생산성 및 혈액 대사에 효과를 보이며, 최적 수준은 20 ppm 이상이라는 것을 보여주고 있다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

목적: 저인산혈성 구루병 환아의 임상상, 각종 혈액화학 검사 수치 및 방사선 검사 소견, 치료에 대한 반응 등을 살피고 효과적인 치료에 도움이 되는 정보를 얻고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 1983년 7월부터 2004년 2월까지 서울대학교병원 소아과에서 저인산혈성 구루병으로 진단받고 내과적인 치료를 받은 환아들의 의무기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 대상환자는 56명이었고, 남녀의 비는 1:3 이었다 주소는 대부분 하지만곡과 저신장이었고, 혼자 걷기 시작하면서 발견된 경우가 가장 많았다. 진단시 평균연령은 5년 2개월 이었으며 12개월 이전에 진단 받은 경우는 없었다. 14명(25%)에서 가족력이 있었다. 진단받은 연령과 신장의 표준편차 점수는 통계적으로 의미있는 음의 상관관계가 있었다(r=-0.47, p=0.005). 생화학적 검사에서 정상 혈청 칼슘, 혈청 인의 저하, alkaline phosphatase의 상승, 세뇨관에서 인산 재흡수의 감소 및 정상 범위의 $1,25(OH)_2D_3$ 치를 보였다. 방사선 검사는 구루병에 합당하였다. 치료제로 Joulie 용액과 비타민 D 대사체를 복용하였다. 치료를 시작한 후 혈청 인과 alkaline phosphatase는 통계적으로 의미있는(P<0.05) 호전을 보였고, 방사선 검사는 구루병의 치유를 보였으나, 신장 표준편차 점수는 의미있는 변화를 보이지 않았다(.p=0.224). 치료의 부작용으로 신석회화(34%), 부갑상선호르몬의 상승(77%), 고칼슘뇨증(45%) 등이 발생하였다. 16명이 절골술을 통한 변형의 교정을 시행하였고, 그 중 4명은 하지연장을 함께 시행하였다. 결론: 증상의 시작과 진단 사이에는 수 년간의 지연이 있었다 조기치료가 환자의 예후에 가장 중요하므로, 가족력이 있는 경우 증상 발현 이전에 생화학적 검사로 조기 진단 및 치료를 하도록 해야 한다. 치료 중에는 정기적인 모니터링과 용량의 조절을 통해 합병증에 대처해야 한다.