• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.377-395
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• 2007

Near infrared(NIR) spectral data have been used for the noninvasive analysis of various biological samples. Nonetheless, absorption bands of NIR region are overlapped extensively. It is very difficult to select the proper wavelengths of spectral data, which give the best PCR(principal component regression) models for the analysis of constituents of biological samples. The NIR data were used after polynomial smoothing and differentiation of 1st order, using Savitzky-Golay filters. To find the best PCR models, all-possible combinations of available principal components from the given NIR spectral data were derived by in-house programs written in MATLAB codes. All of the extensively generated PCR models were compared in terms of SEC(standard error of calibration), $R^2$, SEP(standard error of prediction) and SECP(standard error of calibration and prediction) to find the best combination of principal components of the initial PCR models. The initial PCR models were found by SEC or Malinowski's indicator function and a priori selection of spectral points were examined in terms of correlation coefficients between NIR data at each wavelength and corresponding concentrations. For the test of the developed program, aqueous solutions of BSA(bovine serum albumin) and glucose were prepared and analyzed. As a result, the best PCR models were found using a priori selection of spectral points and the final model selection by SEP or SECP.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 1990

Whey proteins in milk were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with respect to electrophoregrams, densitograms and concentrations of whey proteins in raw and market milk classified according to 3 kinds of pasteurization by low temperature long time. high temperature short time and ultra-high temperature short time. Relative composition of major whey protein constituents such as bovine serum albumin, ${\alpha}\;-\;lactalbumin\;and\;{\beta}-lactoglobulin$ in raw milk were 3.71:11.44:84.85 and not affected by low temperature long time and high temperature short time pasteurization, even though there were the tendencies of some declining in the actual concentrations. But by ultra-high temperature short time pasteurization compositions of whey protein were changed to 0: 64.75: 35 in which reflected the disapprearance of bovine serum albumin and the extensive decrease of ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$. Storage of low temperature pasteurized milk at $5^{\circ}C$ resulted in a slight decrease of ${\alpha}\;-\;lactalbumin\;a\;{\beta}-lactoglobulin$, but storage at $25^{\circ}C$ did not make any changes until3rd days of storage. Most of whey proteins in high temperature short time pasteurized milk were not affected during storage at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$, but bovine serum albumin and ${\alpha}\;-lactalbumin$ diminished in 2-3 days of storage. Whey proteins of milk treated with ultra-high temeperature were not affected during storage at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$ except a slight decrease of ${\alpha}\;-lactalbumin$ in 2nd day of storage at $5^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2015

This study was to investigate the effect of high energy diet on characteristics of Hanwoo steers distributed by estimated breeding value (EBV). The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of high energy diet on the high and low beef group distributed by EBV for quality grades. We hypothesized that high energy diet is able to increase quality traits in high EBV groups when fed a high energy diet. A $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement (High energy, control vs high EBV, low EBV) in a completely random design was used to feed 26 Hanwoo steers. Blood was drawn from each steers from 11 to 28 months. ADG and feed efficiency were not different between high energy and control diet (P>0.05). The level of DMI was greater at calf and early fattening diet in low EBV groups (P<0.05). Serum glucose and tryglyceride conecntrations were increased (P<0.05) by high EBV group from 22 to 28 month old. Serum NEFA concentration were plateau at 24 months at high EBV group and steady reduced by high energy diet (P<0.05). This data indicated that high energy diets increased serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations of high EBV steers at final fattening period.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2014

Copper ($CuSO_4$) has been widely used to control algae and pathogens in fish culture ponds. However, its toxic effects on fish depend not only on its concentration in water but also on water quality. The susceptibility of the rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli to copper was evaluated at three water-temperatures (WT; 18, 23 and $28^{\circ}C$) for 4 days. After the exposure of two copper concentrations (100 and $200{\mu}g/L$), a hematological effect was exerted on rockfish, by causing changes in red blood cell count and hematocrit value at $28^{\circ}C$. Total protein levels of the fish showed a tendency of co-increase with glucose depend on the WT, after copper exposure. However, the plasma calcium and magnesium levels were significantly increased at $200{\mu}g/L$ copper, regardless of the WT. Enzymes activities including ALT and LDH in serum were also significantly increased depend upon the copper treatment only. This indicates that inorganic components and enzymes activities were sensitive indexes to stress by toxicant such as copper. The cortisol levels were significantly elevated by both WT rising and copper treatment in serum of rock fish. In conclusion, these changes can be seen as an initial response to temperature stress and as a sustaining response to copper exposure. The present findings suggest that a simultaneous stress by temperature change and copper exposure could accelerate an alteration of hematological and plasma biological parameters in the rockfish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.357-364
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• 2014

The study evaluated replacement of Egyptian berseem clover (BC, Trifolium alexandrinum) with spent rice straw (SRS) of Pleurotus ostreatus basidiomycete in diets of lactating Baladi goats. Nine lactating homo-parity Baladi goats (average BW $23.8{\pm}0.4$ kg) at 7 d postpartum were used in a triplicate $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with 30 d experimental periods. Goats were fed a basal diet containing 0 (Control), 0.25 (SRS25) and 0.45 (SRS45) (w/w, DM basis) of SRS. The Control diet was berseem clover and concentrate mixture (1:1 DM basis). The SRS45 had lowered total feed intake and forages intake compared to Control. The SRS25 and SRS45 rations had the highest digestibilities of DM (p = 0.0241) and hemicellulose (p = 0.0021) compared to Control which had higher (p<0.01) digestibilities of OM (p = 0.0002) and CP (p = 0.0005) than SRS25 and SRS45. Ruminal pH and microbial protein synthesis were higher (p<0.0001) for SRS25 and SRS45 than Control, which also had the highest (p<0.0001) concentration of TVFA, total proteins, non-protein N, and ammonia-N. All values of serum constituents were within normal ranges. The Control ration had higher serum globulin (p = 0.0148), creatinine (p = 0.0150), glucose (p = 0.0002) and cholesterol (p = 0.0016). Both Control and SRS25 groups had the highest (p<0.05) milk (p = 0.0330) and energy corrected milk (p = 0.0290) yields. Fat content was higher (p = 0.0373) with SRS45 and SRS25 groups compared with Control. Replacement of BC with SRS in goat rations increased milk levels of conjugated linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids compared with Control. It was concluded that replacing 50% of Egyptian berseem clover with SRS in goat rations improved their productive performance without marked effects on metabolic indicators health.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2016

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory (IM) activity of IM-133N, a herbal combination in various immunotherapeutic experimental models. Methods: The IM activity of IM-133N was evaluated against three experimental models namely, effect of IM-133N against Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced abdominal sepsis in mice, and carbon clearance test was performed in Wistar albino rats to evaluated the phagocytic potential of IM-133N, in addition IM-133N was evaluated for its immunoglobulin enhancing potential in rats, where the immunoglobulin levels were measured by zinc sulphate turbity (ZST) test. Further, IM-133N was subjected for detailed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS analysis to identify the probable active constituents present in it. Results: The findings of the present study has demonstrated very promising IM property of IM-133N in all the experimental models. Briefly, pretreatment with IM-133N at 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o. doses had protected the mice against E. coli-induced abdominal sepsis and mortality, further the effect of IM-133N was found to be significant and dose-dependent. In support of this, in another study administration of IM-133N showed a significant and dose-dependent increase in serum immunoglobulin levels, estimated by ZST test. In line with the above findings, in the carbon clearance test the low doses (125 and 250 mg/kg, p.o.) of IM-133N increased the rate of carbon clearance, whereas the higher doses (500 and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) did not sustain the response, and saturation effect was considered as one of the possible reason for futility of higher doses for IM-133N. In addition, A detailed LC-MS/MS analysis of IM-133N showed 17 bioactive phytochemical constituents: namely, apigenin, chaulmoogric acid, mesquitol, quercetin, symphoxanthone, salireposide, ${\beta}$-sitosterol, nonaeicosanol, ${\beta}$-amyrin, betulic acid, oleanolic acid, symplososide, symponoside, symploveroside, symplocomoside, symconoside A and locoracemoside B. Conclusion: These findings suggest that IM-133N possesses significant IM activity and, hence, could be useful for eradicating opportunistic disease-triggering pathogens via immunotherapeutic mechanisms. The findings also suggest IM-133N may also useful in other immunity disorders.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.366-371
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate blood pressure and blood constituents in middle-aged men obesity. All the measurements were taken from 1524(obese 453, control 1071) man's subjects. The body mass index BMI in obese group and control was 26.6$\pm$1.4kg/$m^2$ and 22.2$\pm$1.9kg/$m^2$ respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in obese group were significantly higher than control(p<0.001). The concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index in obese group were 202.1$\pm$34.7mg/dl, 210.0$\pm$121.8mg/dl, 43.4$\pm$10.3mg/dl, 116.7$\pm$33.5mg/dl, 3.8$\pm$1.2, respectively. There was significance in the relation between cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and BMI. The frequency of dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia) in obese group was significantly more than control(p<0.001).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on the performance, blood metabolite parameters, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. The BF-based silage was composed of 50% spent mushroom substrate, 21% recycled poultry bedding, 15% cut ryegrass straw, 10.8% rice bran, 2% molasses, 0.6% bentonite, and 0.6% microbial additive (on a wet basis), and ensiled for over 5 d. Fifteen steers were allocated to three diets during the growing and fattening periods (3.1 and 9.8 months, respectively): a control diet (concentrate mix and free access to rice straw), a 50% BF-based silage diet (control diet+50% of maximum BF-based silage intake), and a 100% BF-based silage diet (the same amount of concentrate mix and ad libitum BF-based silage). The BF-based silage was fed during the growing and fattening periods, and was replaced with larger particles of rice straw during the finishing period. After 19.6 months of the whole period all the steers were slaughtered. Compared with feeding rice straw, feeding BF-based silage tended (p = 0.10) to increase the average daily gain (27%) and feed efficiency (18%) of the growing steers, caused by increased voluntary feed intake. Feeding BF-based silage had little effect on serum constituents, electrolytes, enzymes, or the blood cell profiles of fattening steers, except for low serum Ca and high blood urea concentrations (p<0.05). Feeding BF-based silage did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index or yield grade, or quality traits such as meat color, fat color, texture, maturity, marbling score, or quality grade. However, it improved good quality grade (1+ and 1++) appearance rates (60% for the control group vs 100% for the BF-based silage-fed groups). In conclusion, cheap BF-based silage could be successfully used as a good quality roughage source for beef cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.661-666
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• 2005

The effects of pre-partum feeding management in terms of birth weight, growth, metabolic profile and immunity of calves were studied using 24 crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) cows, divided into three equal groups. The dietary treatments included feeding of either 3.0 kg concentrate/head/d throughout the 60 d pre-partum (T$_1$), or 3.0 kg concentrate during 60-22 d pre-partum and thereafter at an increased allowance at 0.25 kg/d during the next 21 d till it reached 1% of live weight (T$_2$). The third group of cows was fed similar to T$_2$, except that the concentrate feeding during 60-22 d pre-partum was reduced to 2.0 kg (T$_3$). All the groups had access to ad libitum green fodder throughout. The results revealed that the mean daily dry matter (DM) intake by the cows was similar (p>0.05) among the three groups during the 60 days of the pre-partum but T2 animals tended to gain more live weight (41.25 kg) than T$_1$ (38.12 kg) and T$_3$ (36.25 kg). The body condition score of the cows did not change appreciably over the experimental period. The mean birth weight of the calves was 24.00${\pm}$1.10, 24.63${\pm}$1.17 and 23.25${\pm}$1.19 kg for the three groups, respectively, with the corresponding average daily gain of 154.2, 155.0 and 169.7 g during the subsequent 60 days; both these parameters did not vary significantly ascribable to prepartum feeding regimens of their dams. The total immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration in the colostrum was 6.31${\pm}$0.34, 5.80${\pm}$0.21 and 6.13${\pm}$0.30 g/dl for the three groups, respectively, showing no influence of dietary treatments. The mean serum Ig levels (T$_1$ 2.10${\pm}$0.09, T$_2$ 2.05${\pm}$0.09 and T$_3$ 2.10${\pm}$0.12 g/dl) of calves at 5 d of age were similar among the dietary groups as was the case with various serum biochemical constituents. It is concluded that the variations in pre-partum dietary management elicited no significant influence on the calf performance including the immune status.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.210-215
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• 2003

When fed on one of the six isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipic (8%) feed containing 5 or 10% Undaria, 2% wasabi leaf, 2% wasabi stem and 0.5% herb (Obosan) for a period of 8 weeks, 95-98% juvenile flounder survived. Growth, feed efficiency and condition factor of the flounder fed on diet containing 0.5% herb were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed on diet supplemented with 10% Undaria. There was no significant (p>0.05) differences in moisture, crude protein, lipid and ash of the flounder receiving the different diets. The flounder fed on diet supplemented with 10% Undaria had the highest moisture but the lowest lipid in liver. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin and serum constituents such as glucose, total cholesterol and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase of the flounder fed on the diets varied but no specific trend became apparent. Lysozyme activity in the serum of the flounder fed on diet supplemented with 5% Undaria and the herb, as well as nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of macrophage in the head kidney of the flounder fed on diet containing the herb and 2% wasabi stem were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those receiving control diet. Briefly, the herb supplementation promoted growth and that of Undaria and wasabi stem enhanced non-specific immune response.