• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the clinical manifestation and natural course of benign transient hyperphosphatasemia (BTH) in children. Methods: A total of 17 children diagnosed with BTH between June 2006 and July 2007, were included in this study. Clinical records and laboratory tests were analyzed retrospectively for all children. Results: The mean age of the patients was $26.9{\pm}13.8$ months (range: 9 to 49 months). Nine of the 17 BTH cases (52.9%) occurred in patients that had previously suffered from infectious diseases. While the patients were suffering from BTH, the mean serum level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was $2,500.2{\pm}1,165.1$ U/L, however, these elevated serum ALP levels normalized within 7 weeks of recovery in all cases. In addition, a seasonal peak in the onset of BTH was observed from September to December. Further, the measurement of ALP isoenzymes in 7 of the patients with BTH, revealed a marked elevation of bone fraction. Conclusion: It is important for pediatricians to understand the clinical manifestation and benign course of BTH to avoid unnecessary diagnostic evaluation in children showing a transient increase in ALP activities.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.741-752
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• 2005

This study was done to investigate recovery effects of YJT, which has been used clinically in diabetes therapy. Mice were administerd Alloxan to induce diabetes. There body weight and kidney weight changes, BUN, creatinine, glucose, total protein and ALP activity in serum, urinalysis, excretion volume of Na+, K+ in urine were measured. The results were as follows: 1. Increase in body weight and kidney weight and the ratio of kidney to body weight of YJT treated group showed similar results with those of normal group. 2 The BUN, creatinine, ALP activity levels in serum of YJT treated group were similar with those of normal group. 3. The glucose level in serum of YJT treated group was better than that of control group 4. The result of the urinalysis in the group of YJT was almost same as that of control group The above results suggest that YJT partially improves the function of the kidney.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.3 s.42
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• pp.415-425
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• 1993

Fluoride is one of the most potent stimulators of bone formation in vivo. But its direct effects on osteoblast is not yet clear This study was to investigate the effects of Sodium fluoride on alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity, cAMP formation responsive to parathormone(PTH) and type I $\alpha$ 2 collagen ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level in Murin osteoblast-like (MC3T3-E1) cells. The cells were cultured in $\alpha-Minimal$ essential medium $(\alpha-MEM)$ supplemente with $10\%$ fetal bovine serum (FBS) and then changed to $0.1\%$ FBS with various concentration of Sodium fluoride. The ALP activity was assayed by the method of Lowry with disodium phenyl phosphated as substrate. cAMP formation was measured by Radioimmuno Assay(RIA). Type I $\alpha$ 2 collagen ribonucleic acid(mRNA) expression was studied by Nothern blot analysis. The results were as follows: 1. cAMP level was increased by PTH in MC3T3-E1 cells. 2. Sodium fluoride showed the tendency of inhibitory effects on cAMP responsiveness to PTH in MC3T3-E1 cells. 3. Sodium fluoride increased ALP activity at cocentration of $2{\mu}M,\;4{\mu}M,\;and\;10{\mu}M$ significantly different from control at the 0.001 level. ALP activity revealed maximum value at $10{\mu}M$ in this study. 4. Nothern blot analysis of Sodium fluoride treated cells, using Type I $\alpha$ 2 collagen prove, revealed significant increase at $10{\mu}M$ in MC3T3-E1 cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.741-747
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• 2001

The effects of fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris on the growth, the food intake, the food efficiency ratio, the lipid metabolism, the serum protein level ad enzyme activity in male rats were studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed four types of diets for five weeks, respectiely: a control diet, a control diet supplemented with 2%, 3% or 4% fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris(CF) powder. In rats fed 2% or 3% CF diets the body weight gain, the food intake, the concentratons of hepatic triglyceride and serum LDL-cholesterol, the atherogenic index, and the total lipid, total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in serum were similar to those in rats fed the control diet. Whereas, in 4% CF diet these were significantly decrased. But the all CF diets feeding could not decrease the food efficiency ratio, the weights of liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney and heart, and the concentration of serum HDL-cholesterol. Also, it was shown that the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, urea and creatinine, and the GOT, GPT, LDH, ${\gamma}$-GTP and ALP activities were the same levels in serum of rats of fed all the experimental diets.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.165-196
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of herbal-acupuncture with Acanthopanacis cortex extract (AC-HA) at KI10 (Eumgok) on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) ddy mice. Methods : We carried out several experimental items to analyze the changes in body weight, uterine weight, uterus index, tibial length, the ash bone weight, tibial BMD, serum ALP, serum creatinine, serum osteocalcin, serum Ca, and the levels of Ca, P, Ca/P ratio in tibia, and we performed histological and histomorphological analysis as well. Results : Tibial BMD was significantly decreased by OVX, while significantly increased by AC-HA at KI10. Serum creatinine level was significantly increased by OVX, while significantly decreased by AC-HA at KI10. Serum osteocalcin level was significantly increased by OVX, while significantly decreased by AC-HA at KI10. Tibial TBV(trabecular bone volume) was significantly decreased by OVX, while significantly increased by AC-HA at KI10. AC-HA at KI10 significantly suppressed the OVX-induced increase of GPL(growth plate length) of tibia in mice. Conclusion : These results suggest that AC-HA at KI10 has a therapeutic effect on osteoporosis in OVX mice.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of herbal-acupuncture with Epimedii Herba extract (EH-HA) at $KI_{10}$ (Eumgok) on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) ddY mice. We carried out several experimental items to analyze the changes in body weight, uterine weight, uterus index, tibial length, the ash bone weight, tibial BMD, serum ALP, serum osteocalcin, serum Ca, and the levels of Ca, P, Ca/P ratio in tibia, and we performed histological and histomorphological analysis as well. Results: 1. The tibial length and ash bone weight were insignificant, while BMD was significantly increased by in EH-HA in comparison with control group. 2. Serum ALP and serum osteocalcin were decreased and serum Ca was increased by in EH-HA in comparison with control group, But all were insignificant. 3. Ca and P level in tibia were significantly increased in EH-HA in comparison with control group, while Ca/P ratio was insignificant. 4. Osteoclast like cell in tibia was significantly decreased in EH-HA in comparison with control group. 5. In the histological study in tibia, TBV was significantly increased, TBT was insignificantly increased and GPL was significantly decreased in EH-HA in comparison with control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that EH-HA at $KI_{10}$ has a therapeutic effect on osteoporosis in OVX mice.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.295-305
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• 1996

This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary calcium level(a diet which met 100% or twice the calcium level in AIN-76 diet) on preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Forty female Sprauge-Dawley rats(body weight 200$\pm$5g) were divided into two groups. One group were ovariectomized(Ovx) while the others received sham operation(Sham). Thereafter, each rat group was further divided into normal calcium diet(NCD, 0.52%) and high calcium diet(HCD, 1.04%) sub-groups. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Urinary pyridinoline & creatinine and serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone, calcium, phosphate, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were determined. There were no significant differences in serum calcium. total protein and albumin in the two groups(Ovx vs Sham) of rats. Ovariectomized rats had significantly lower estradiol than sham operated rats. There was a highly significant correlation between total bone mineral density(TBMD) and overall level of esteradiol(r=0.59, p<0.05). Total bone mineral density did not correlate significantly with ALP or osteocalcin, although a negative trend was evident. However, the rats fed high calcium diet had a lower crosslinks value and osteocalcine than the rats fed normal calcium diet. An increased rate of bone turnover is usually associated with a decrease in bone mass bexause bone formation at each remodeling site is never as great as resorption. Ovariectomized rats fed high calcium diet had a lower crosslink value and osteocalcin; it means high cacium diet decreased bone turnover rate. The findings from the present study demonstrated that bone loss due to ovarian hormonal deficiency can be partially prevented by a high calcium diet. Futhermore, these findings support the strategy of the use of a high calcium diet in the prevention of estrogen depletion bone loss (postmenopausal osteoporosis).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.531-538
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• 2004

Ginsan, a polysaccharide isolated from Panax ginseng, has been shown to be a potent immunomodulator, producing a variety of cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1$\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$ and GM-CSF, and stimulating lymphoid cells to proliferate. In the present study, we analyzed some immune functions 1$^{st}$-5$^{th}$ days after ginsan i.p. injection, including the level of non-protein thiols (NPSH) as antioxidants, heme oxygenase (HO) activity as a marker of oxidative stress, zoxazolamine-induced paralysis time and level of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) as indices of drug metabolism system, and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and albumin level as indicators of hepatotoxicity. Ginsan in the dose of 100 mg/kg caused marked elevation (1.7-2 fold) of HO activity, decrease of total CYP450 level (by 20-34%), and prolongation of zoxazolamine-induced paralysis time (by 65-70%), and showed some differences between male and female mice. Ginsan treatment did not seem to cause hepatic injury, since serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities and levels of total bilirubin and albumin were not changed.d.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-126
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was peformed to evaluate the effect of Kamijoaguiem(JGE) on the bone mass and its related factors. Methods : We used ovariectomized rat as an estrogen-deficient animal model. The model rats of osteoporosis showed a significant decrease in bone density, bone ash density, calcium content of femur bone. At the 7th day after operating ovariectomy, rats were administered with JGE per orally, and continued for 10 weeks. And osteoporosis related parameters were determined to investigate the effect of JGE. Results : Bone density, bone ash density, bone calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was decreased in osteoporotic rats. JGE improved the decreased bone density, bone ash density and the decreased bone magnesium, but JGE didn't improve the decreased bone calcium and phosphorus in osteoporotic rats. Osteocalcin in serum and hydroxy-proline excretion in urine were increased in osteoporotic rats. Their levels were decreased when JGE was administered. ALP activity in serum was increased in osteoporotic rats. JGE didn't induce any significant changes. JGE showed significant increase in serum calcium level, total protein level, albumin level, BUN level, serum LDH activity. JGE didn't show significant increase in serum T-cholesterol density, triglyceride density, HDL-cholesterol density. JGE didn't show significant increase in RBC number, hemoglobin level, platelet number, hematocrit level. JGE showed inhibitory effect on the degradation of bone-matrix in osteoporotic rats, in histological examination to Hematoxylin-eosin stain. Conclusion : JGE might improve bone density due to inhibition of bone resolution in osteoporotic rats. It suggest that JGE may be useful prescription in osteoporosis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-68
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Gagamdokhwalgisang-Tang on the morphometric changes of femur, and on the hormones and cytokines associated with bone metabolism in overiectomized rats. Methods : Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham operated group(normal) ovariectomized group(control), and treated with extract of GD group(treated). Each group was evaluated the changes of body weight at 0, 3, 6, 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Morphometric analysis(femur weight, femur/body weight ratio, femur ash weight femur ash/body weight ratio cross sectional area of compact bone and concellous bone of femur) and histopathological examination were performed at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Estrogen, Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP) and cytokine(Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, $Interleukin-l{\beta}$, Inerleukin-6) assay were performed at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Results : 1. The body weight of control and treated group was significantly increased(p<<0.001) compared with the normal group at 8 weeks. 2. The femur weight and femur/body weight ratio of treated group were significantly increased(p<<0.05, p<<0.01) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 3. The femur ash weight showed no significantly different changes, but femur ash/body weight ratio of treated group was significantly increased(p<<0.05) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 4. In the cross sectional area of cancellous bone of femoral body, the treated group was significantly increased(p<<0.001) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 5. The serum estrogen level of treated group showed no significantly different changes compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 6. The serum ALP activity of treated group was significantly decreased(p<<0.01) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 7. The serum Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ level of treated group was significantly decreased(p<<0.05) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 8. The serum $Interleukin-l{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ level of treated group was significantly decreased(n<<0.001) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 9. The serum Interleukin-6(IL-6) level of treated group was significantly decreased(P<<0.01)compared with the control group at 8 weeks. Conclusion : These results indicate that GD inhibits bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. And the major inhibitory mechanism may be related to the inhibitory effects of GD on the secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in estrogen deficient rats.