• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1980

In an attempt to evaluate the diagnostic significance of the serum thyroid hormones in various thyroid function states, the author measured serum $T_3$ uptake, serum $T_3$, serum $T_4$, serum free $T_4$ and free $T_3$ index in 27 cases of normal subjects, 11 cases of hypothyroidism, 152 cases of euthyroidism and 81 cases of hyperthyroidism by the radioimmunoassay method. The results were as follows: 1. The ranges of serum thyroid hormones in normal subjects were, serum $T_3$ uptake; $27.4{\sim}42.1%$, serum $T_3;\;93{\sim}245ng/dl$, serum $T_4;\;4.08{\sim}12.9ug/dl$ and serum free $T_4;\;0.57{\sim}1.53ng/dl(M{\pm}2S.D.)$. 2. Free $T_4$ index and serum $T_4$ show relatively high diagnostic value in euthyroidism group, and serum $T_3\;and\;T_4$ in hypothyroidism group, while serum $T_3$, free $T_4\;and\;T_4$ show relatively high diagnostic value in hyperthyroidism group. 3. There were significant correlation between free $T_4$ index and serum $T_4$(r=0.68), and between free $T_4$ index and serum free $T_4$(r=0.67) in hyperthyroidism group.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.59-61
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• 1982

To evaluate the diagnostic value of the ratio of serum tyroxine$(T_4)$/thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) for the thyroid status in pregnancy and newborn serum thyroxine, TBG, triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine levels were radioimmunoassayed in normal pregnant women at each of the trimesters, and the calculated serum $T_4/TBG$ ratios were compared with other parameters such as $T_3/TBG$ ratio and free $T_4/TBG$ ratio and free $T_4/TBG$ ratio. Serum $T_4$ levels were elevated with the propotionate increase in TBG levels during pregnancy, leading to the nearly constant value of serum $T_4/TBG$ ratios as in normal non-pregnant controls. In contrast, serum $T_3/TBG$ and free $T_4/TBG$ ratios varied considerably during pregnancy. In newborn, $T_4$ levels were nearly not changed with compared non-pregnant control value and TBG levels were elevated. The results indicate that serum $T_4/TBG$ ratio is a better parameter than others in evaluating the thyroid status during pregnancy and but newborn is a no better.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary thyroid hormone (T$_3$and T$_4$) on growth, feed conversion ratio and serum T$_3$or T$_4$concentration of broiler chicks. Zero to six week-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into seven treatment groups for feeding trials with three replication : control, T$_3$(0.1), T$_3$(1.0), T$_3$(5.0), T$_4$(0.1), T$_4$(1.0), T$_4$(5.0) ppm group. Concentrations of T$_3$and T$_4$in serum were analyzed. The weight gain of T$_3$(1.0), T$_3$(5.0) and T$_4$(5.0) groups were significantly lower than that of control. No statistically significant adverse effect was observed in other groups (p〉0.05). Feed intake was significantly lower in T$_3$(0.1, 1.0 and 5.0) and T$_4$(5.0) than in control group (p〈0.05), and the feed conversion ratio had a similar trend to the feed intake change. The contents of liquid and abdominal fat pad in carcass were significantly decreased in all T$_3$and T$_4$groups (p〈0.05). T$_3$and T$_4$concentration in serum was significantly increased at over 1.0ppm of the hormone supplementation level. As T$_3$addition level increased, T$_4$concentration in serum reduced ; however, T$_3$in serum was directly proportional during fasted were slightly increased when T$_3$or T$_4$was added to broiler diets.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dopaminergic drugs and the role of specific dopamine(DA) receptors on the release of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$. Serum TSH levels (cold-induced, $4{^{\circ}C}$) were determined using RIA(radioimmunoassay) at 30 min after administration of dopamine agonists and antagonists. Serum $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels were detected after these dopaminergic drugs were administered subcutaneously twice a day for a week. The results of the study are summarized as follows : Apomorphine, a nonspecific DA receptor agonist, produced a dose-depedent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, only low doses (0.3, 1.0mg/kg) of SKF38393, a specific $D_1$-receptor agonist, produced a decrease in serum lelvels of TSH. I,Y171555, a specific $D_2$-receptor agonist, produced a dose dependent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, SCH23390, a specific $D_1$-receptor antagonist, produced a decrease except in serum T levels which were increased dose dependently. High doses (1.0, 3.0mg/kg) of sulpiride, a specific $D_2$-receptor antagonist, made a increase in the serum levels of TSH and $T_3$. The effects of dopaminergic drugs in serum TSH and $T_4$ levels was potentiated by the pretreatment of apomorphine. The overall results of this study suggest that the regulation of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ secretion were mediated via specific $D_1$ and $D_2$ receptor.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.85-89
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• 2019

Purpose: We compared thyroid hormone profiles in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) during the nephrotic phase and after remission. Methods: This study included 31 pediatric NS patients. The thyroid hormone profiles included serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free T4. Results: Of the 31 patients, 16 (51.6%) showed abnormal thyroid hormone profiles: 6 had overt hypothyroidism, 8 had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 2 had low T3 syndrome. The mean serum T3, T4, and free T4 levels in the nephrotic phase and after remission were $82.37{\pm}23.64$ and $117.88{\pm}29.49ng/dL$, $5.47{\pm}1.14$ and $7.91{\pm}1.56{\mu}g/dL$, and $1.02{\pm}0.26$ and $1.38{\pm}0.23ng/dL$, respectively; the levels were significantly lower in the NS nephrotic phase (P=0.0007, P<0.0001, and P=0.0002). The mean serum TSH levels during the nephrotic phase and after remission were $8.05{\pm}3.53$ and $4.08{\pm}2.05{\mu}IU/mL$, respectively; they were significantly higher in the nephrotic phase (P=0.0005). The urinary protein/creatinine ratio during the nephrotic phase was significantly correlated with serum T3, T4, and free T4 levels (r=-0.5995, P=0.0032; r=-0.5797, P=0.0047; r=-0.5513, P=0.0078) as well as with TSH levels (r=0.5022, P=0.0172). A significant correlation was found between serum albumin and serum T3 levels during the nephrotic phase (r=0.5385, P=0.0018) but not between serum albumin and T4, TSH, or free T4 levels. These significant correlations all disappeared after remission. Conclusion: Abnormal thyroid hormone profile findings were observed in 51.6% of pediatric patients with NS. Thyroid hormone levels normalized after remission, regardless of levothyroxine therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 1985

Recently changes in thyroid physiology during acute and chronic medical illness were demonstrated. The serum $fT_3,\;rT_3,\;T_4,\;T_3,\;fT_4$, and TSH concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay method in 49 patients with critical illness and 10 normal subjects to assess the change of thyroid function in critical illness. The results were as follows; 1) The mean serum $fT_3$ concentration was $6.68{\pm}1.05pmol/ml$ in normal subjects while in patients with critical illness the serum $fT_3$ concentration was significantly lowered to $1.55{\pm}1.15pmol/ml$(p<0.001). 2) The mean serum $rT_3$ concentration was $0.22{\pm}0.44ng/ml$ in normal subjects and $0.42{\pm}0.37ng/ml$ in patient with critical illness. There was increment in critically ill patients as compared to normal subjects but no statistically significant difference(p>0.05). 3) The mean serum $T_3$ concentration was $1.24{\pm}0.25ng/ml$ in normal subjects and $0.56{\pm}0.56ng/ml$ in patients with criticial illness and there was significant difference in each other(p<0.005). 4) The mean serum $T_4,\;fT_4$, and TSH concentrations were $7.80{\pm}1.02{\mu}g/dl,\;1.26{\pm}0.39ng/dl,\;1.87{\pm}0.45{\mu}U/ml$ in normal subjects respectively and $6.02{\pm}3.06{\mu}g/dl,\;1.46{\pm}0.80ng/dl,\;1.74{\pm}0.79{\mu}U/ml$ in patients with critical illness and there was no significant difference between critically ill patients and normal subjects. 5) The ratio of mean serum concentration of $fT_3$ and $rT_3(fT_3/rT_3)$, $30.42{\pm}5.58$ in normal subjects was significantly higher(p<0.005) than the coresponding patients with critical illness. 6) The mean serum $fT_3$ concentration in expired cases(n=12) during admission was significant difference between expired and survived cases(p<0.005). The mean serum $rT_3$ centration was $0.67{\pm}0.58ng/ml$ in expired cases and $0.34{\pm}0.22ng/ml$ in survived cases with significant difference(p<0.005). Half of the cases who showed less than $3{\mu}g/dl$ of serum $T_4$ level were expired.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 1975

The serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) were measured by means of radioimmunoassay, in 98 cases of normal controls, 51 cases of hyperthyroidism, 80 cases of primary hypothyroidism and 4 cases of secondary hypothyroidism to evaluate the diagnostic significance in various functional states of the thyroid. The obtained data were analyzed in correlation with other thyroid function test values in various phases of the functional thyroid diseases. The results were as follows: 1) The serum TSH concentration in normal control group was $<1.3{\sim}8.0{\mu}U/ml$. 2) The measurement of serum TSH was more significant in diagnostic accuracy compared with that of serum $T_4(75.0{\pm}12.2%)$. Free $T_4$ Index ($64.2{\pm}15.2%$), serum $T_3(41.0{\pm}21.0%)\;or\;T_3$ resin uptake ($41.1{\pm}15.8%$) in evaluation of primary hypothyroidism. 3) In case of overt hypothyroidism, the serum TSH and $T_4$ were both abnormal, compatible with the clinical diagnosis, while in case of preclinical or mild hypothyroidism, the serum $T_4(41.2{\pm}23.8%)\;or\;50.0{\pm}25.0%)$ was much less reliable than serum TSH. 4) In the treatment of primary hypothyroidism with desiccated thyroid, the administration of 1 grain of the hormone per day was sufficient to suppress the serum concentration of TSH to normal range. It showed that the measurement of serum TSH concentration was a significant criteria in evaluating the efficiency of the treatment of hypothyroidism. 5) The measurement of serum TSH concentration is a very significant method in the early detection of hypothyroidism induced during or after the treatment of the hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or radioactive Iodine ($^{131}I$).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.441-446
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• 1994

The responsiveness of $CD8^+$ T-cell subpopulation according to serum-containing and serum-free conditions were investigated. Cells are freshly isolated from spleen of mature adult BALB/C mice between 13-20 weeks of age. $CD8^+$ T cells in serum-free conditions produce small amounts of IL-2, while significant amounts of IFNr following activation when compared the results of serum-containing conditions. These data indicate that serum-derived factors may play an important role in the alternations of $CD8^+$ T cell responsiveness.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2008

Changes in luteinizing hormone (LH), serum testosterone (T), and salivary T levels with age were examined in Korean men. Serum was obtained from 167 Korean men of different ages ($20{\sim}69\;y$), and the serum LH and T levels were measured. Saliva samples were also obtained, and the salivary T level was determined. The LH levels did not change considerably until 40 y of age (20s, $2.5{\pm}1.0$; 30s, $2.7{\pm}1.5$; and 40s, $2.5{\pm}1.8\;mIU/mL$) but increased significantly around 50 y (50s, $3.7{\pm}1.8$ and 60s, $3.1{\pm}1.7\;mIU/mL$). Further, the serum T levels also did not change until 40 y of age (20s, $5.3{\pm}2.6$, 30s, $4.4{\pm}1.4$, 40s, $4.1{\pm}1.5\;ng/mL$) but decreased significantly at 50 y (50s, $3.4{\pm}1.5$; 60s, $2.6{\pm}0.8\;ng/mL$). The salivary T levels also showed small changes until the age of 40 y ($20s{\sim}40s$, $0.11{\pm}0.015\;ng/mL$) but decreased significantly at 50 y ($0.08{\pm}0.03\;ng/mL$). Thus, the relative ratio of salivary T to serum T levels did not change significantly in all the ages examined ($2.4{\pm}0.9%$). Linear regression analysis predicted that the LH levels increased 1.5%/y while the serum and salivary T levels decreased 1%/y and 0.8%/y, respectively. The serum T/LH ratio did not change considerably until the age of 40 y ($20s{\sim}40s$, $2.27{\pm}0.14$) but decreased significantly ($1.2{\pm}1.0$) at 50 y. Age-related changes in the salivary T/LH ratio were very similar to those in the serum T/LH ratio. These results demonstrated that LH and T levels in serum or saliva did not change considerably until 40 y of age; instead, in Korean men, from 50 y of age, the LH level increased, while the T level decreased. This suggests that primary testicular failure that occurred due to aging (approximately 50 y) and caused this phenomenon. The present study also shows that the salivary T level can be an indicator of the free T level in serum although the salivary T level correlates weakly with the total T level in serum (r=0.53). Thus, information regarding salivary T levels may be useful for studying the age-related changes occurring in male testicular physiology.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 1969

The serum thyroxine levels were measured by method of Tetrasorb Kit in 69 subjects including 13 subjects in euthyroid state, 31 with hyperthyroidism, 5 with hypothyroidism, 13 with nontoxic diffuse goiter, and 7 with nontoxic nodular goiter. Three parameters of the thyroid function test including thyroxine ($T_4$) levels, $^{131}I$ uptake (24 hrs) values and $PB^{131}I$ conversion ratio were correlated with clinical manifestations and courses of the disease. 1. The serum $T_4$ levels in the normal subjects were in range of $6.0{\mu}g/dl\;to\;14.4{\mu}g/dl$. (The mean $9.4{\mu}g/dl$). 2. The diagnostic compatibility of the serum $T_4$ was 93.5% in hyperthyroidism, 100% both in hypothyroidism and in nontoxic diffuse goiter, 86% in nontoxic nodular goiter, or 95.8% in the entire series. (Table 1). 3. The diagnostic compatibility of $^{131}I$ uptake (24 hrs) values and $PB^{131}I$ conversion ratio were less than the serum $T_4$ levels as summarized in Tables 2 & 3. The serum $T_4$ determination by Tetrasorb Kit is a simple, accurate and very useful test of the thyroid function.